Protocol for the Derivation of Environmental and Human ... - CCME

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Part B, Section 4 Section 4 Potential Ecological Receptors and Exposure Pathways of Soil Contamination 4.1 Ecological Receptors of Soil Contamination As a first step in the development of environmental soil quality guidelines, it is essential to identify the ecological component(s) potentially at threat from contamination. This protocol addresses adverse effects posed by chemical stressors to the biotic component (receptors) of a terrestrial ecosystem. By characterizing potential receptors of contaminated soil it is possible to identify those requiring protection from soil contamination as well as evaluating potential exposure scenarios. A simplified exposure scenario identifying potential receptors of contaminated soil in a greatly simplified terrestrial ecosystem is illustrated in Figure 4. It is evident that exposure spans a range of trophic levels including soildependent organisms (plants, soil invertebrates, soil microbes) and higher order consumers (wildlife, livestock). Ideally, the selection of receptors should be compatible with, and reflect important characteristics of the ecosystem (i.e., ecologically relevant). Because of the paucity of ecological effects information for terrestrial organisms, however, the selection of ecological receptors for this protocol must focus on key receptors that maintain land use activities. It is also necessary to devise an array that includes ecologically relevant receptors that are sensitive to chemical stressors, so that guidelines derived through this protocol reflect sensitive measurement endpoints. In this sense, the receptors of choice serve as predictive sentinel species from which guidelines can be derived. The ecological receptors selected for this protocol are summarized in Table 1 and discussed in more detail for each land use in Sections 5.1 to 5.4. 4.2 Exposure Pathways to Soil Contamination Once the receptor array has been identified, soil exposures for these receptors must be evaluated. For the purposes here, evaluation depends on the production of a set of facts, assumptions, and inferences about how exposure to ecological receptors from contaminated soil takes place. In the scenario depicted in Figure 4, soil-dependent organisms and their consumers are exposed to contamination directly from the soil, water, and air through the food chain. Those organisms dependent on soil for survival (e.g., plants, soil invertebrates, soil microbes) come into contact with the soil directly as a function of their life cycle and therefore will likely receive the greatest threat from contaminated soil. Higher trophic level consumers receive their largest exposure through consumption of contaminated food and ingested soil particles, although absorption of contaminants from dermal contact with soil and inhalation of vapours and suspended soil may also occur. Ideally, it would be desirable to consider all influential variables for all potential exposure pathways at all trophic levels (as might be done at the site level). This is not possible in a generic protocol and therefore 28
Part B, Section 4 the exposure pathways must include those expected for the receptors selected for each land use. The exposure pathways considered in this protocol are summarized in Table 1, and discussed in more detail for each land use in Sections 5.1 to 5.4. It should be noted that the absence of wildlife considerations for ingestion exposures under residential/parkland, commercial, and industrial land use reflects the state of information availability and quality in these areas. If acceptable and relevant toxicological and exposure information is available to allow further examination of these scenarios, then guidelines may be derived for these categories. Table 1 Receptors and Exposure Pathways for the Land Use Categories Considered in the Derivation of Soil Quality Guidelines Route of Exposure Agriculture Residential/ Parkland Commercial Industrial Soil Contact Soil Nutrient Cycling Processes, Soil Invertebrates, Crops/Plants, Livestock/Wildlife Soil Nutrient Cycling Processes, Soil Invertebrates, Plants, Wildlife Soil Nutrient Cycling Processes, Soil Invertebrates, Plants, Wildlife Soil Nutrient Cycling Processes, Soil Invertebrates, Plants, Wildlife Soil and Food Ingestion Herbivores 29
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A Protocol for the Derivation of En
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Readers' Comments The Canadian Coun
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Overview In response to growing pub
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mechanisms for migration of soil co
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procédures d'élaboration des reco
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• être absorbés par les plantes
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PART B Section 1 Derivation of Envi
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Section 2 Investigation of Contamin
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PART D Section 1 Derivation of the
Page 20 and 21: List of Figures 1 National Framewor
Page 22 and 23: Acknowledgements The CCME Subcommit
Page 24 and 25: Document Organization This document
Page 26 and 27: Bioaccumulation: The process by whi
Page 28 and 29: Denitrification: The gaseous loss o
Page 30 and 31: GGG Guidelines: Generic numerical l
Page 32 and 33: Mutagenicity: The ability of a chem
Page 34 and 35: xxxiv human exposure. Risk estimati
Page 36 and 37: Soil: Normally defined as the uncon
Page 38 and 39: VVV Volatilization: The chemical pr
Page 41 and 42: Section 1 The National Contaminated
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Page 46 and 47: Part A, Section 1 1.2.2.2 Remediati
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Page 57 and 58: Part A, Section 2 Industrial: where
Page 59 and 60: • the sensitivity of the test con
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Page 75 and 76: Figure 5 Key Receptors and Exposure
Page 77 and 78: Part B, Section 5 grazing herbivore
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Page 84 and 85: Section 6 Uncertainty in Guidelines
Page 86 and 87: Section 7 Guidelines Derivation Pro
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Page 92 and 93: Where: NPER = no to Potential Effec
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Page 96 and 97: Part B, Section 7 data, the Median
Page 98 and 99: Part B, Section 7 EC 50 LC 50 UF =
Page 100 and 101: Where: ERL = Effects Range Low, ECL
Page 102: Part B, Section 7 Where: EC 50 = Me
Page 105 and 106: Part B, Section 7 Where the ECL lie
Page 107 and 108: Part B, Section 7 4. Fewer than thr
Page 110 and 111: Part B, Section 7 An uncertainty fa
Page 112 and 113: Part B, Section 7 Therefore, BCF =
Page 114 and 115: Part B, Section 7 ingestion (SQG I
Page 117 and 118: Section 8 Derivation of the Final E
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Part C, Section 1 various sites acr
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Part C, Section 1 Geographical unce
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preferred for the assessment, but s
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Part C, Section 2 73
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Part C, Section 2 Environmental con
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Part C, Section 2 extent, the steep
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Section 3 Exposure to Contaminants
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Part C, Section 3 81
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Part C, Section 4 Section 4 Exposur
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Part C, Section 4 within limits, th
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Part C, Section 4 Figure 19 Concept
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Part C, Section 4 4.2 Absorption of
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Part C, Section 4 In the case of no
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Residential/Parkland Land Use Sensi
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Part C, Section 4 Commercial Land U
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Part C, Section 4 Industrial Land U
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Part C, Section 5 these data are av
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Part C, Section 5 GEOCHEM (Mattigod
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Part C, Section 5 • K oc (sorptio
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Part C, Section 5 5.3.3 Evaluation
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Part C, Section 5 parameters, and s
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Section 6 Derivation of the Final H
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Part D, Section 1 101
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does not apply to the commercial or
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Part D, Section 1 105
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References Aldenberg, T., and W. Sl
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References -dwelling Organisms", Ab
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References 112
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References Hill, E.F., and D.J. Hof
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References Paustenbach, D.J., (1989
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References Summers, J.K., H.T. Wils
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Appendix A Appendix A Nutrient and
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Appendix A Figure A.1 Simplified Te
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Appendix A 4.1 Agricultural and Res
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Appendix A References Bååth, E.,
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The Subcommittee considers that exp
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Appendix B P l P r BW = percent pro
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Appendix B Substituting equation 5
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Appendix B Where no MRL exists, the
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Appendix B Then, the remainder (T R
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Appendix B For carcinogens, total i
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Appendix C Rearranging [2] and subs
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Appendix C References Chiou, C.T.,
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Appendix D uncontaminated organic m
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Appendix D R = recharge, m/yr A = a
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Appendix D 2.3.3 Hydraulic Gradient
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Appendix D 2.3.5 Site Length The le
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Appendix D Table D.2 Lower Quantile
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Figure D.2 Conceptual Model of Dilu
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Appendix D Figure D.3 Recharge Esti
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Appendix D 159
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Smith, A.E., P.B. Ryan, and J.S. Ev
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Appendix E C K L V is the climate f
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Appendix E contaminant concentratio
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Appendix F Appendix F Multi-media E
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Appendix F example, fish BCFs are t
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Appendix G 2.2 Contaminant Vapour T
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Appendix G Table G.1 Equations Used
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Appendix G at the outset that, rath
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Appendix G 4.4 Application of the R
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Average outdoor summer temperature
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Appendix G References Alberta Envir
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