Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a PCM-Supported ...

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[13] Vafai K., Sozen M. An investigation of a latent heat storage porous bed and condensing flow through it. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, 112 (1990) 1014- 1022. [14] Jeffreson C.P., Prediction of breakthrough curves in packed beds: I. Applicability of single parameter models & II. Experimental evidence for axial dispersion and intraparticle effects (p 416-420) AIChE J. 18 (1972): 409–420. [15] Wakao N., Kaguei S. Heat and mass transfer in packed beds. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, (1982) New York, London, Paris. [16] Ismail K.A.R., Stuginsky R. A parametric study on possible fixed bed models for PCM and sensible heat storage. Applied Thermal Engineering 19 (1999) 757-788. [17] Vafai K. and Sozen M. (1990). An investigation of a latent heat storage porous bed and condensing flow through it. ASME Journal of Heat Transfer 112: 1014- 1022. [18] Civan F. and Sliepcevich C.M. (1987). Limitation in the apparent heat capacity formulation for heat transfer with phase change. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 67: 83-88. [19] Bird B.R., Stewart W.E, and Lightfoot E.N. Transport phenomena. Second Edition, John Wily & Sons, Inc. New York. [20] Nield, D.A. and Bejan A. (1999). Convection in porous media. 2nd edn. Springer-Verlag, New York. [21] Carbonell R.G. Multiphase Flow Models in Packed Beds. Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Review IFP, 55 4 (2000):417-425. [22] Sáez A.E., and Carbonell R.G. Hydrodynamic parameters for gas-liquid cocurrent flow in packed-beds. AIChE J., 31 (1985): 52. [23] Holub R.A., Dudukovic M.P., and Ramachandran P.A. Pressure drop, liquid holdup and flow regime transition in trickle flow. AIChE J., 39 (1993): 302. [24] Hassabou A., Spinnler M., Polifke W.. Experimental and theoretical studies on integration of new PCM-based components in solar desalination. 2 nd periodic report. Project No. 05-AS-003. (2007) The Middle East Desalination Research Center (MEDRC). [25] Voller V.R. An overview of numerical methods for solving phase change regenerator system. Heat Transfer Engineering 25(4) (1997) 45-53. [26] Slattery JC (1972) Momentum, energy and non transfer in continua. McGraw- Hill [27] Torab H., Beasley D.E. Optimization of a packed bed thermal storage unit. Transaction of the ASME, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 109 (1987) 171- 175. [28] Carbonell R.G. Multiphase Flow Models in Packed Beds. Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Review IFP, 55 4 (2000):417-425. [29] Stichlmair J., Bravo J. L., and Fair J. R. General model for prediction of pressure drop and capacity of countercurrent gas/liquid packed columns. Gas 181
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Page 1:
Technische Universität München In
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It is my pleasure to thank Prof. Th
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Contents List of figures ..........
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5.3 Functional description ........
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Cost br
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78cm; Top: Evaporator, Bottom: Cond
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xii
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m Mass flow rate; [kg.s -1 ] m eva
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ed c coll cond cw d d e or eff evap
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1 Introduction The first part of th
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summarized in figure (1.2). Thermal
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1.3.2 Selection criteria of desalin
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of energy storage or hybridization
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Desalination development focuses on
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Introduction of the indirect type s
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2 Literature Survey 2.1 Introductio
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There is actually a commercial prod
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Q m H c ( T T1) c ( T 2 T ) (2.2)
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(solid-liquid) have a storage densi
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(iii) a sharp melting temperature.
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melt and freeze without segregation
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However, the stored heat is less va
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parameters on the heat transfer and
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categories. The first category is b
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to 550 kWh/m 3 of distilled water a
Page 52 and 53:
The enthalpy and humidity of the sa
Page 54 and 55:
Air mass flow rate [kg/h] GOR [-] 1
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On the other hand, the efficiency o
Page 58 and 59:
2.8.4.2 Effect of air to water mass
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distillate rate. The system was not
Page 62 and 63:
were; EnviPac Gr.1, 32 mm, and VFF
Page 64 and 65:
Figure 2.15: Height versus air temp
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The performance of the condenser is
Page 68 and 69:
Klausner and Mei [136] described a
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The impact of the collector cost ca
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exchanger and energy storage in one
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3 Scope of the Study This chapter p
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packing where it gets in direct con
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In fact there is a tradeoff between
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The energy flow between all and eac
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4 Theoretical Analysis and Modeling
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The two-energy equation models whic
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solid-liquid phase change inside th
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assumed by conduction in both axial
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the air pressure drop ∆P per unit
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evaporation rate per unit volume of
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where β t , β c , ρ ref , c ref
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the viscous transport and introduce
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liquid and solid phases, respective
Page 100 and 101:
4.2.3.3 Liquid and gas hold-ups Liq
Page 102 and 103:
Several models and approaches for m
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where G=ρU d /ε g is the pore mas
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k k eff s 1 3 2 (4.55) This cor
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uncertainties associated with the f
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1 2 (4.62) d1 capp c2 c1 c2 1
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[58] evaluated the cooling tower ai
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1 exp NTU 1 C r, cond cond (4
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A HE QHE U T HE LM (4.81) Where Q
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c M f b (4.86) M b S S f where r
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that form the study logical foundat
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5 Experimental Analysis This chapte
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5.2 Measuring Techniques K-type the
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The product condensed water was mea
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operating limits. In light of the l
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In the last two cases, the inlet ho
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performance and its threshold value
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It could be interpreted that this p
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Evaporator Condenser Figure 5.8: Av
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within the inaccuracy margins. The
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The last two cases of boundary cond
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natural air flow in the system. In
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6 Model Implementation and Validati
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x t u x u 0 0 , (6.5) and for a s
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Next time step validation were the
Page 150 and 151: The evaporator and condenser both w
Page 152 and 153: Figure 6.2: Evolution of inlet and
Page 154 and 155: Figure 6.4: Evolution of inlet and
Page 156 and 157: temperature is at its maximum level
Page 158 and 159: Bottom Top Figure 6.7: Evolution of
Page 160 and 161: 7 Parameters Analysis of the Evapor
Page 162 and 163: Figure 7.1: Effect of packing size
Page 164 and 165: e 0.45 kPa under natural convection
Page 166 and 167: aspect ratio under constant bed vol
Page 168 and 169: Figure 7.7: Effect of inlet hot wat
Page 170 and 171: well as the time required to reach
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.10: Effect of packing medi
Page 174 and 175: 40°C respectively. This gives flex
Page 176 and 177: the condensate rate, productivity f
Page 178 and 179: esult, rather than PCM media which
Page 180 and 181: Figure 7.18: Effect of PCM thermal
Page 182 and 183: 8 Optimization of HDH plant In this
Page 184 and 185: The MATLAB model describes how the
Page 186 and 187: less steep than that of the distill
Page 188 and 189: 8.3.4 Effect of hot water flow rate
Page 190 and 191: storage materials and thus it can h
Page 192 and 193: for latent heat storage would be ob
Page 194 and 195: When T m becomes sufficiently highe
Page 196 and 197: 9 Summary and conclusions 9.1 Summa
Page 198 and 199: productivities at any cooling water
Page 202 and 203: [48] Crone S., Bergins C., and Stra
Page 204 and 205: [79] Tiwari G.N. and Yadav Y.P. (78
Page 206 and 207: [109] Mehling H., Hiebler S. and Zi
Page 208 and 209: [139] Belessiotis V, Delyannis E (2
Page 210 and 211: Appendices Appendix A A1. PCM Therm
Page 212 and 213: A3. Constants and Thermo-physical p
Page 214 and 215: From the above correlation, the con
Page 216 and 217: The Ergun analogy factor J h repres
Page 218 and 219: Equation (C.7) represents an overal
Page 220 and 221: Appendix D D1. Cooling tower theory
Page 222 and 223: A m w = the plan or cross sectiona
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