Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a PCM-Supported ...
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a PCM-Supported ...
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a PCM-Supported ...
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overcome by applying a thermal storage capacity to the system. Likely, the technical<br />
<strong>and</strong> economical viability <strong>of</strong> energy storage (e.g. sensible or latent heat storage) in<br />
comparison with only daily production has to be justified with the additional yield<br />
gain.<br />
A break through in solar desalination was introduced based on the humidificationdehumidification<br />
(HDH) principle. The humid air distillation process has already been<br />
developed <strong>and</strong> introduced first by the University <strong>of</strong> Arizona through a pilot plant work<br />
performed from 1956 to 1963, which led to construction <strong>of</strong> an experimental pilot solar<br />
energy multiple-effect humidification (MEH) plant in 1963. Multi-Effect Humidification<br />
(MEH) process was further developed over the years <strong>and</strong> a few units were<br />
constructed <strong>and</strong> tested in different countries [2].<br />
This technique leads to a major improvement in the efficiency <strong>and</strong> compactness <strong>of</strong><br />
solar desalination units. The efficiency <strong>of</strong> energy utilization is increased in HDH<br />
technology due to the better control over the evaporation <strong>and</strong> condensation<br />
operations. There are several advantages <strong>of</strong> HDH process as a small-scale<br />
desalination system. It is simple, modular <strong>and</strong> flexible in scale-up, works under<br />
atmospheric pressure with below-boiling temperatures, ideal for utilization <strong>of</strong> lowgrade<br />
energy <strong>and</strong> waste heat resources, can follow a highly varying input thermal<br />
power supply without upset, inexpensive construction materials can be used, <strong>and</strong><br />
requires moderate investment <strong>and</strong> operation costs as well as low technical skills for<br />
operation <strong>and</strong> maintenance.<br />
Khedr [130] performed a techno-economical investigation on HDH desalination<br />
process <strong>and</strong> compared it with other conventional processes. The results showed that<br />
the economics <strong>of</strong> the process is quite satisfactory for capacities <strong>of</strong> more than 10<br />
m 3 /day, which is suitable for remote arid areas. Garg et al [131] reported that the<br />
HDH technique is suitable up to 90-m 3 /day capacity, <strong>and</strong> can be developed in<br />
coastal arid zones <strong>of</strong> the country where industrial development is impeded by<br />
inadequate or unreliable water supplies.<br />
An extensive review <strong>of</strong> the literature on HDH systems was reported by Al-Hallaj <strong>and</strong><br />
Selman [2] Bourouni et al [129], <strong>and</strong> Narayan et al [149]. It is meaningless to repeat<br />
the previous review, thus the present study uses the previously mentioned literature<br />
surveys as its point <strong>of</strong> departure <strong>and</strong> consequently will focus on abstracting the<br />
important results for the present work <strong>and</strong> to discuss the design limitations <strong>and</strong><br />
problems experienced with the HDH system components <strong>and</strong> potential<br />
improvements.<br />
2.8.1 Classification <strong>of</strong> HDH systems<br />
The solar humidification-dehumidification (HDH) processes, also called the multipleeffect<br />
humidification-dehumidification processes (MEH) fall under three main<br />
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