Experimental and Numerical Analysis of a PCM-Supported ...

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[79] Tiwari G.N. and Yadav Y.P. (7891). Comparative designs and long-term performance of various designs of solar distiller. Energy Conservation and Management 27 (3): 327-333. [80] Rizzuti, L., Ettouney, H. M., and Cipollina, A. (2006). Solar desalination for the 21st century. Springer. [81] NRC review of the desalination and water purification technology roadmap. Washington DC; National Research Council/The National Academies Press, 2001. [82] Bejan A. (2004). Designed porous media: maximal heat transfer density at decreasing length scales. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47: 3073–3083. [83] Erk HF, Dudukovic MP. (1996). Phase-change heat regenerators: modeling and experimental studies. AICHE 42(3): 791 - 808. [84] Modarresi A., and Sadrameli S.M. (2004). Modeling and Simulation of a Phase Change Regenerator System. Heat Transfer Engineering 25(4): 45–53. [85] El-Sayed M. (1997). Experimental and theoretical study of a heat storage system utilizing new phase change materials. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt. [86] Hale D.V., Hoover M.J. and O’Neill M.J. (1971). Phase change materials Handbook. Report no. HREC-5183-2LMSC-HREC D225138. NASA, Marshal Space Flight Center, Alabama. [87] Muller-Holst H., Koessinger F., Kollmansberger H. and Al-Hainai H. (2001). Small scale thermal water desalination system using solar energy or waste heat. MEDRC Series of R&D Reports, Project: 97-AS-024b. [88] Sayed M.T., Kumar S., Moallami K.M. and Naraghi M.N. (1997). Thermal storage using form-stable phase- change materials. ASHRAE Journal 36 (5): 45-50. [89] Abe Y., Takahashi Y., Sakamato R., Kanari K., Kamimoto M. and Ozawa T. (1984). Charge and discharge characteristics of a direct contact latent heat thermal energy storage unit using form stable high density Polyethylene. ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 106: 465-474. [90] Kamimoto M., Abe Y., Sawata S. Tani, T. and Ozawa T. (1986). Latent thermal storage unit using form stable high density Polyethylene, Part I: Performance of the storage unit. ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108: 282-289. [91] Kamimoto M., Abe Y., Takahashi Y., Tani T. and Ozawa T. (1986). Latent thermal storage unit using form stable high density Polyethylene, Part II: Numerical analysis of heat transfer. ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108: 290-297. [92] Garg., H. P., Mullick, S. C., and Bhargava, A. K. (1985). Solar thermal energy storage. D. Reidel Publishing Company. [93] Stritih U. An experimental model of thermal storage system for active heating or cooling buildings. University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, e-mail: uros.stritih@fs.uni-lj.si, http://www.fskab.com/Annex17/Workshops/EM2. 185
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Page 1:
Technische Universität München In
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It is my pleasure to thank Prof. Th
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Contents List of figures ..........
Page 8 and 9:
5.3 Functional description ........
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List of Figures Figure 1.1: Cost br
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78cm; Top: Evaporator, Bottom: Cond
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xii
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m Mass flow rate; [kg.s -1 ] m eva
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ed c coll cond cw d d e or eff evap
Page 20 and 21:
1 Introduction The first part of th
Page 22 and 23:
summarized in figure (1.2). Thermal
Page 24 and 25:
1.3.2 Selection criteria of desalin
Page 26 and 27:
of energy storage or hybridization
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Desalination development focuses on
Page 30 and 31:
Introduction of the indirect type s
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2 Literature Survey 2.1 Introductio
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There is actually a commercial prod
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Q m H c ( T T1) c ( T 2 T ) (2.2)
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(solid-liquid) have a storage densi
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(iii) a sharp melting temperature.
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melt and freeze without segregation
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However, the stored heat is less va
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parameters on the heat transfer and
Page 48 and 49:
categories. The first category is b
Page 50 and 51:
to 550 kWh/m 3 of distilled water a
Page 52 and 53:
The enthalpy and humidity of the sa
Page 54 and 55:
Air mass flow rate [kg/h] GOR [-] 1
Page 56 and 57:
On the other hand, the efficiency o
Page 58 and 59:
2.8.4.2 Effect of air to water mass
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distillate rate. The system was not
Page 62 and 63:
were; EnviPac Gr.1, 32 mm, and VFF
Page 64 and 65:
Figure 2.15: Height versus air temp
Page 66 and 67:
The performance of the condenser is
Page 68 and 69:
Klausner and Mei [136] described a
Page 70 and 71:
The impact of the collector cost ca
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exchanger and energy storage in one
Page 74 and 75:
3 Scope of the Study This chapter p
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packing where it gets in direct con
Page 78 and 79:
In fact there is a tradeoff between
Page 80 and 81:
The energy flow between all and eac
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4 Theoretical Analysis and Modeling
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The two-energy equation models whic
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solid-liquid phase change inside th
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assumed by conduction in both axial
Page 90 and 91:
the air pressure drop ∆P per unit
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evaporation rate per unit volume of
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where β t , β c , ρ ref , c ref
Page 96 and 97:
the viscous transport and introduce
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liquid and solid phases, respective
Page 100 and 101:
4.2.3.3 Liquid and gas hold-ups Liq
Page 102 and 103:
Several models and approaches for m
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where G=ρU d /ε g is the pore mas
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k k eff s 1 3 2 (4.55) This cor
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uncertainties associated with the f
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1 2 (4.62) d1 capp c2 c1 c2 1
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[58] evaluated the cooling tower ai
Page 114 and 115:
1 exp NTU 1 C r, cond cond (4
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A HE QHE U T HE LM (4.81) Where Q
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c M f b (4.86) M b S S f where r
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that form the study logical foundat
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5 Experimental Analysis This chapte
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5.2 Measuring Techniques K-type the
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The product condensed water was mea
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operating limits. In light of the l
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In the last two cases, the inlet ho
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performance and its threshold value
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It could be interpreted that this p
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Evaporator Condenser Figure 5.8: Av
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within the inaccuracy margins. The
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The last two cases of boundary cond
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natural air flow in the system. In
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6 Model Implementation and Validati
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x t u x u 0 0 , (6.5) and for a s
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Next time step validation were the
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The evaporator and condenser both w
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Figure 6.2: Evolution of inlet and
Page 154 and 155: Figure 6.4: Evolution of inlet and
Page 156 and 157: temperature is at its maximum level
Page 158 and 159: Bottom Top Figure 6.7: Evolution of
Page 160 and 161: 7 Parameters Analysis of the Evapor
Page 162 and 163: Figure 7.1: Effect of packing size
Page 164 and 165: e 0.45 kPa under natural convection
Page 166 and 167: aspect ratio under constant bed vol
Page 168 and 169: Figure 7.7: Effect of inlet hot wat
Page 170 and 171: well as the time required to reach
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7.10: Effect of packing medi
Page 174 and 175: 40°C respectively. This gives flex
Page 176 and 177: the condensate rate, productivity f
Page 178 and 179: esult, rather than PCM media which
Page 180 and 181: Figure 7.18: Effect of PCM thermal
Page 182 and 183: 8 Optimization of HDH plant In this
Page 184 and 185: The MATLAB model describes how the
Page 186 and 187: less steep than that of the distill
Page 188 and 189: 8.3.4 Effect of hot water flow rate
Page 190 and 191: storage materials and thus it can h
Page 192 and 193: for latent heat storage would be ob
Page 194 and 195: When T m becomes sufficiently highe
Page 196 and 197: 9 Summary and conclusions 9.1 Summa
Page 198 and 199: productivities at any cooling water
Page 200 and 201: [13] Vafai K., Sozen M. An investig
Page 202 and 203: [48] Crone S., Bergins C., and Stra
Page 206 and 207: [109] Mehling H., Hiebler S. and Zi
Page 208 and 209: [139] Belessiotis V, Delyannis E (2
Page 210 and 211: Appendices Appendix A A1. PCM Therm
Page 212 and 213: A3. Constants and Thermo-physical p
Page 214 and 215: From the above correlation, the con
Page 216 and 217: The Ergun analogy factor J h repres
Page 218 and 219: Equation (C.7) represents an overal
Page 220 and 221: Appendix D D1. Cooling tower theory
Page 222 and 223: A m w = the plan or cross sectiona
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