Mental health policy and practice across Europe: an overview

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334 Mental health policy and practice announced by the United Nations: a recognition of the right to consent to treatment? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 20(2): 259–78. ICCPR GC 18 (1989) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Comment 18, Non-discrimination. ICCPR GC 20 (1992) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Comment 20, Article 7. ICCPR GC 21 (1992) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Comment 21, Article 9 (replaces general comment 9 concerning humane treatment of persons deprived of liberty) (Article 10). ICCPR GC 31 (2004) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, General Comment 31, Article 2, Implementation at the national level. ICESCR GC 3 (1990) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 3, The nature of states parties obligations. ICESCR GC 5 (1994) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 5, Persons with disabilities. ICESCR GC 14 (2000) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment 14, The right to the highest attainable standard of health (Article 12). Inclusion Europe (2003) Justice, Rights and Inclusion for People with Intellectual Disability. Brussels: Inclusion Europe. JCHR (Joint Committee on Human Rights) (2004) The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 21st Report of Session 2003–4, HL Paper 183. Jenkins, R., McCulloch, A., Friedli, L. and Parker, C. (2002) Developing a National Mental Health Policy. Hove: Psychology Press. Lewis, O. (2002a) Mental disability law in central and eastern Europe: paper, practice, promise, Journal of Mental Health Law, 8 (December): 293–303. Lewis, O. (2002b) Protecting the rights of people with mental disabilities: the European Convention on Human Rights, European Journal of Health Law, 9(4): 293–320. Mental Disability Advocacy Center (MDAC) (2003) Cage Beds, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment in Four Accession Countries. Budapest: MDAC. O’Flaherty, M. (2002) Human Rights and the UN: Practice Before the Treaty Bodies, 2nd edn. The Netherlands: Kluwer International. Quinn, G. (2001) The European Union and the Council of Europe on the issue of human rights: twins separated at birth? McGill Law Journal, 46: 849. Quinn, G. and Degener, T. with Bruce, A., Burke, C., Castellino, J., Kenna, P., Kilkelly, U. and Quinlivan, S. (2002) Human Rights and Disability: The Current Use and Future Potential of United Nations Human Rights Instruments in the Context of Disability, www.unhchr.ch/disability/hrstudy.htm. Rosenthal, E. and Sundram, C.J. (2003)International Human Rights and Mental Health Legislation. Geneva: World Health Organization. Salize, H., Drefsing, H. and Peitz, M. (2002) Compulsory Admission and Involuntary Treatment of Mentally Ill Patients – Legislation and Practice in EU Member States. Brussels: European Commission. Sayce, L. (2000) From Psychiatric Patient to Citizen – Overcoming Discrimination and Social Exclusion. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Starmer, K. (1999) European Human Rights Law, The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights. London: Legal Action Group. Thorold, O. (1996) The implications of the European Convention on Human Rights for United Kingdom mental health legislation, European Human Rights Law Review, 6: 619–36. United Nations (2003) Report of the Secretary-General: Progress of efforts to ensure the full recognition of the human rights of persons with disabilities, A/58/181. New York: United Nations.
A human rights perspective 335 Williams, A. (2004) EU Human Rights Policies – A Study in Irony. Oxford: Oxford University Press. World Health Organization (2001) The World Health Report – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2003) Mental Health Policy and Service Guidance Package: Mental Health Legislation and Human Rights. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2005a) Mental Health Declaration for Europe – Facing Challenges, Building Solutions. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2005b) Mental Health Action Plan for Europe – Facing Challenges, Building Solutions. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2005c) Resource Book on Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization (2006) International Statistics Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Geneva: World Health Organization. Cases European Court of Human Rights Aerts v. Belgium (1998) 29 EHRR 50 Ashingdane v. United Kingdom (1985) 7 EHRR 528 Assenov & Others v. Bulgaria (1998) 28 EHRR 652 E v. Norway (1994) 17 EHRR 30 Herczegfalvy v. Austria (1992) 15 EHRR 437 HL v. United Kingdom (2004) Application no. 45508/99, 5 October 2004 Hurtado v. Switzerland A/280-A (1994) (unreported) Ilhan v. Turkey (2002) 34 EHHR 36 Johnson v. United Kingdom (1999) 27 EHRR 196 Keenan v. United Kingdom (2001) 33 EHRR 39 Kutzner v. Germany 46544/99; 26 February 2002 Witold Litwa v. Poland (2001) 33 EHRR 53 Megyeri v. Germany (1992) 15 EHRR 584 Pereira v. Portugal (2002) Application No. 44872/98 Pretty v. United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 1 Price v. United Kingdom (2001) 34 EHRR 1285 Reid v. United Kingdom (2003) Application 50272/99 Winterwerp v. Netherlands (1979) 2 EHRR 387 X v. United Kingdom (1981) 4 EHRR 188 Other cases Olmstead v. LC (1999) 527 US 581 R on the application of PS and others (2003) EWHC 2335
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European Observatory on Health Syst
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The European Observatory on Health
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Open University Press McGraw-Hill E
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European Observatory on Health Syst
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viii Contents five six The evidence
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List of tables 2.1 Beds in state ps
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List of figures 4.1 The production
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List of boxes 3.1 A personal testim
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List of contributors Francesco Amad
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xviii List of contributors Viviane
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Series editors’ introduction Euro
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Foreword Mental health may be the m
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Foreword by the Minister of Health
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Acknowledgements This volume is par
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chapter one Mental health policy an
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An overview 3 agencies (see Chapter
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An overview 5 Funding In broad term
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An overview 7 Social inclusion and
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An overview 9 actions such as inter
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An overview 11 of symptom alleviati
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An overview 13 Kessler, R.C., Demle
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chapter two The historical developm
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Historical development of mental he
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A lack of historical continuity His
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Tackling social exclusion 35 • in
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Tackling social exclusion 37 networ
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Tackling social exclusion 39 regula
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Tackling social exclusion 41 where
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Tackling social exclusion 43 and Sw
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Tackling social exclusion 45 addres
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Tackling social exclusion 47 than o
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Tackling social exclusion 49 in thi
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Tackling social exclusion 51 not ho
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Tackling social exclusion 53 Box 3.
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Tackling social exclusion 55 Conclu
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Tackling social exclusion 57 Disabi
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Tackling social exclusion 59 Read,
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Financing and funding 61 problems h
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Financing and funding 63 provides a
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Financing and funding 65 recognizin
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Financing and funding 67 care docto
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Financing and funding 69 Trends in
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Financing and funding 71 employment
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Financing and funding 73 kind, cove
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Financing and funding 75 emphasis o
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Financing and funding 77 provided i
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Financing and funding 79 for differ
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Financing and funding 81 budgets in
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Financing and funding 83 Europe or
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Financing and funding 85 the famili
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Financing and funding 87 of further
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Financing and funding 89 mental hea
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Financing and funding 91 community
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Financing and funding 93 Available
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Financing and funding 95 Basu, A. (
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Financing and funding 97 of interve
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Financing and funding 99 World Heal
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The evidence base 101 result of pub
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The evidence base 103 campaigns, it
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The evidence base 105 using health
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Table 5.1 A matrix of evidence Rese
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Identifying needs using epidemiolog
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The evidence base 111 facilitate gl
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The evidence base 113 Learning from
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The evidence base 115 sources of ev
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The evidence base 117 Europe, and i
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The evidence base 119 to Policy pro
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The evidence base 121 Finally, it i
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The evidence base 123 Lavis, J., Ro
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The evidence base 125 World Health
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The treatment of mental disorders 1
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Psychopharmaceuticals in Europe 147
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Table 7.6 Europe by drug type and c
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Table 7.8 Europe by drug type and c
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Table 7.10 Europe by drug type and
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Table 7.12 Europe by drug type and
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Table 7.14 Europe comparative presc
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Table 7.20 Decline in psychiatric i
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Promotion and prevention 189 Mental
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Promotion and prevention 191 Box 8.
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Promotion and prevention 193 risk o
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Promotion and prevention 195 and th
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Promotion and prevention 197 (Üstu
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Promotion and prevention 199 and un
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Promotion and prevention 201 The li
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Promotion and prevention 203 income
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Promotion and prevention 205 implem
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Promotion and prevention 207 When d
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Promotion and prevention 209 health
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Promotion and prevention 211 Murphy
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Promotion and prevention 213 Vuori,
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chapter nine Common mental health p
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Mental health disorders in primary
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Mental health problems in primary c
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chapter ten Reforms in community ca
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Table 10.1 Mental health care in th
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Reforms in community care 239 syste
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Reforms in community care 241 integ
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Reforms in community care 243 In 19
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Reforms in community care 245 Secon
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Reforms in community care 247 must
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Reforms in community care 249 Goldb
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Addiction and alcohol 251 (Brown et
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Addiction and alcohol 253 Figure 11
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Addiction and alcohol 255 Table 11.
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Addiction and alcohol 257 Some stud
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Addiction and alcohol 259 availabil
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Addiction and alcohol 261 Table 11.
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Addiction and alcohol 263 Hours and
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Addiction and alcohol 265 College s
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Addiction and alcohol 273 Alcohol t
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Addiction and alcohol 275 developme
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Addiction and alcohol 277 Greenfiel
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Addiction and alcohol 279 World Hea
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Housing and employment 281 European
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Page 325 and 326: Housing and employment 297 Table 12
Page 327 and 328: Housing and employment 299 Return t
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Page 359 and 360: A human rights perspective 331 Arti
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Page 385 and 386: Care of asylum seekers and refugees
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Carers and families 385 Child careg
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Carers and families 387 subject to
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Carers and families 389 Conclusion
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Carers and families 391 Cohen, C.A.
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Carers and families 393 in long-ter
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Carers and families 395 care in rel
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chapter seventeen Mental health pol
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Policy in former eastern bloc count
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Table 17.1 General information and
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Box 18.1 Recommendations in The Wor
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The WHO perspective 429 isolation,
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The WHO perspective 431 high when c
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The WHO perspective 433 Key issues
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The WHO perspective 435 Box 18.2 Qu
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The WHO perspective 437 services is
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The WHO perspective 439 Desjarlais,
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Index abuse of psychiatry, eastern
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Index 443 community care ECHR, 321
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Index 445 European countries commun
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Index 447 initiatives, discriminati
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Index 449 applying principles, 317-
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Index 451 policy, 228-9 practice, 2
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