Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Lighting Energy ...

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eference point on the desktop was set to 500 lux, a commonly acknowledged standard for lighting design. When the Watt Stopper system was in operation, the photosensor dimmed or brightened the electric lights in response to the available daylight so as to maintain the illuminance on the desktop at 500 lux. The user might temporarily override the setpoint from 25% above the original setpoint (500 lux) to the minimum (all the lights were dimmed to the lowest level) with the handheld remote controller. The original setpoint would resume when the Auto button on the remote controller was pressed. The wall unit was modified to a single overriding switch and eight sub-switches for alternating between the two systems. The overriding switch controlled the power to all the components in the ceiling. Four of the sub-switches determined whether the AC power went to the commercial system or the four mote-based actuation modules. The other four switches directed the DC control signals to the ballast from either the commercial photosensor or the four mote-based actuation modules. 8.2.2 Lighting Controller and Overriding Mechanism The research system provided a graphical user interface, shown in Figure 8-4 (a), for the participants to set and adjust their ideal task lighting. The research system maintained the desktop illuminance at the setpoint specified using this interface. There were two ways to specify the setpoint: the stepwise and the direct-value control. Using the buttons in the right column of the interface, the users could increase/decrease the light step by step with the Step Up and Step Down buttons, or brighten/dim the light to the maximum/minimum with the Highest Level and Lowest Level buttons. As an 121
alternative, the setpoint could also be specified by dragging the sliding bar or by directly entering a value between 1 and 100 in the Target Value field, and then hitting the SET button. An actuation command would be generated and sent to the actuation modules as soon as a button was clicked. Although the research system allowed turning the lights on/off wirelessly, the participants were not granted this privilege in the test. The step size for the stepwise control on the interface was also predefined and could not be changed by the subjects. Another computer interfaced with a base mote was set up at the Investigator Station in Figure 8-1 so that the investigator could intervene in the lighting control, which was necessary for the testing procedure. The investigator could also conveniently initialize the lighting system for the human subject test using this secondary computer. A slightly more versatile control interface was provided on the computer as shown in Figure 8-4 (b). Besides the functionality of the GUI for the participants, this interface displayed the current actuation level, and allowed the investigators to specify the step size in the Step Size field for stepwise control and turn the lights off with the OFF button. The setpoint of the commercial system was calibrated at 500 lux on the testing desk. The participants overrode the predetermined setpoint using a handheld remote controller as shown in Figure 8-5. Only stepwise control was provided with the commercial system, and the Auto button on the remote controller, which was not required in the test, was disabled as it resets the setpoint to the predefined one (500 lux). Since the handheld remote controller used infrared communication technologies, it had to point at the commercial photosensor mounted in the ceiling to ensure the overriding 122
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Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networ
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Abstract Wireless Sensor and Actuat
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To my wife for having faith in me a
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Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introdu
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6.4.2 Lighting Optimization Algorit
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10.2.1 Theoretical Contributions...
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Research
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Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. .......
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Figure 9-31 Energy savings vs. payb
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The integration of wireless sensor
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esulting lighting is optimal in the
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acquisition and wireless transmissi
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a central base computer for sensor
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optimal light settings were in turn
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possibility of wireless actuator ne
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Chapter 2 Motivation The motivation
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[21]. Lighting accounts for 30% of
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Table 2-1 summarizes each of the co
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from light level tuning impossible
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used in the progress of this resear
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are expected to autonomously config
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office, and industrial applications
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Chapter 3 Related Research and Lite
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Although radio frequency is a suppo
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channels with different capabilitie
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In practice, fusion of sensor data
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The emergence of wireless sensor ne
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A is empty f A (x) = 0, x X (3.1)
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Convex combination: the relation Th
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where no crisp boundary can be defi
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developed by Dantzig [87]. The ineq
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sensor network is far more valuable
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Figure 4-1 Mote-FVF algorithm archi
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Figure 4-2 Gaussian correlation cur
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predicted reading. Note that the of
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fuzzification and m for the defuzz
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mote sensors were arranged in a 3-b
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Figure 4-6 Mote-FVF with median val
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Figure 4-8 Comparison of variations
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The daylighting system application
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The key components are the predicti
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Figure 5-3 Prediction performance o
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Figure 5-5 Prediction performance o
Page 87 and 88: Among them, adaptive Wiener filteri
Page 89 and 90: even though the sensed environment
Page 91 and 92: 5.3 Simulation and Experiment Resul
Page 93 and 94: Figure 5-11 Adaptive sensing with d
Page 95 and 96: Figure 5-13 Damped adaptive sensing
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 6 Optimal Lighting Actuatio
Page 99 and 100: of the workplane level illuminance
Page 101 and 102: office with K luminaires, for examp
Page 103 and 104: E sub = e pq e rs e xy 1
Page 105 and 106: optimizer for a consistency check.
Page 107 and 108: Figure 6-4 Pseudo code of the light
Page 109 and 110: simulation was to show that the opt
Page 111 and 112: It is obvious from Figure 6-6 and F
Page 113 and 114: Chapter 7 Wireless-Enabled Lighting
Page 115 and 116: determined to be 0-2000 lux. Conseq
Page 117 and 118: discrete outputs from the motes spa
Page 119 and 120: actuation technologies, and additio
Page 122 and 123: Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. Since t
Page 124 and 125: Given the 256-level dimming capabil
Page 126 and 127: Figure 7-11 Prototyping Luminaire S
Page 128 and 129: to its simplicity. Although coded w
Page 130 and 131: The second experiment was executed
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 8 System Verification on Hu
Page 134 and 135: commercial system was randomized fo
Page 136 and 137: 8.2.1 Hardware Implementation in Sm
Page 140 and 141: commands were received. In addition
Page 142 and 143: were provided with three wireless p
Page 144 and 145: (a) Figure 8-6 Sensor placement of
Page 146 and 147: lower meter readings was that the m
Page 148 and 149: (2) Subtle and invisible shadows ma
Page 150 and 151: function keys are. The function key
Page 152 and 153: deliberately perturbed the lights d
Page 154 and 155: Table 8-2 Summary of the test on pr
Page 156 and 157: Current Level on the investigator
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 9 System Implementation and
Page 160 and 161: Figure 9-1 Floor plan of the small
Page 162 and 163: Figure 9-3 System operation diagram
Page 164 and 165: campus-wide lighting maintenance, w
Page 166 and 167: message is addressed. The destinati
Page 168 and 169: Both the actuation and the grouping
Page 170 and 171: The construction or updating of the
Page 172 and 173: determines if this message is for u
Page 174 and 175: Figure 9-12 Lighting preset setting
Page 176 and 177: Figure 9-13 Average hourly percent
Page 178 and 179: 9.4 Daylight Response The second ph
Page 180 and 181: Furthermore, the structure allows t
Page 182 and 183: Figure 9-16 Daylight harvesting tes
Page 184 and 185: Figure 9-18 Sensor readings in the
Page 186 and 187: then gradually dimmed. After reachi
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Figure 9-22 Sensor readings in the
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Seven-occupant case with simulated
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Figure 9-27 Sensor readings in the
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under significant daylight. Again,
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newly calculated light settings may
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Annual energy consumption = ( Numbe
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Figure 9-30 Energy savings vs. payb
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have partially contributed to the h
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$40 per unit and the system achieve
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performance of the current research
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sensors. The research in [14] prese
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Other than optimizing the energy co
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lighting configuration in the offic
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communications. The adaptive sensin
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integration of the research system
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will broaden the application to dif
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system could be reallocated to oper
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entities could be tremendously crit
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[7] J. A. Veitch and G. R. Newsham,
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[20] K. A. Karmel, High Performance
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[34] P. Levis, S. Madden, J. Polast
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International Workshop on Wireless
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[57] LonMark International, "Fact S
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[71] S. Sahni and X. Xu, "Algorithm
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Proceedings of the 1st Internationa
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[99] SPOT: Sensor Placement + Optim
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[113] Advance Transformer Technical
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A.2 Circuit Schematics of Photosens
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A.4 Circuit Schematics of the Secon
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Appendix B Human Subject Test B.1 C
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(a) Sensor placement of subject No.
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B.2 Comparison of System Performanc
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B.3 Summary of the Responses from t
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B.4 Human Subject Test Approval Let
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B.5 Human Subject Test Protocol Nar
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241
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B.7 Human Subject Test Questionnair
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253
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B.8 Human Subject Test Interview Sc
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Luminaire surface depreciation: 1.0
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Table C-1 Daylight reception durati
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At the rate of 9.62 cents per kWh a
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