Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Lighting Energy ...

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Acknowledgements I would like to thank my research advisor Professor Alice Agogino for her immense support and advice during the course of this dissertation research. I would also like to acknowledge the support I have received from my research partners, members in my research laboratory, friends in my department, and the funding agencies that made this research possible. In particular, Dr. J. Granderson was a great mentor and a valuable partner throughout the research. MS recipient J. Bonnell’s productive and creative work was invaluable to the presented research. Dr. K. Goebel, undergraduates J. Kim, A. Lahijaniain, M. Podust, I. Gurin, and K. Yeates have all made contributions that benefited this research. Dr. J.-L. Wu and Ph.D. candidate C.-H. Jiang were incredible consultants for programming and analysis approach. General Electric Global Research, the UC Office of the Microelectronics Innovation and Computer Research Opportunities (MICRO), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, the Energy Innovation Small Grant of the Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program, and the UC Berkeley Chancellor’s Green Campus Fund were the funding agencies that have kept the research project developing. The generous support from P. Black, R. Abesamis, E. Ito, M. Largoza, and S. Castro of the UC Berkeley Physical Plant - Campus Service were instrumental in making the system implementation of this research happen. ii
Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................1 1.1 Research Goal ..................................................................................................1 1.2 Research System Architecture ..........................................................................2 1.3 Research Method..............................................................................................4 1.3.1 Theoretical Development...........................................................................4 1.3.2 Implementations ........................................................................................6 1.3.3 Verification of Theoretical Works with Implementations ...........................8 1.4 Research Scope...............................................................................................10 1.5 Research Contributions...................................................................................11 1.6 Dissertation Outline........................................................................................12 Chapter 2 Motivation.............................................................................................14 2.1 Energy Efficiency of Lighting in Commercial Buildings.................................14 2.1.1 Environmental Impact of Commercial Buildings......................................15 2.1.2 Lighting Control Strategies and Potential Savings....................................16 2.1.3 Challenges of Current Technologies.........................................................18 2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks ..............................................................................20 2.2.1 Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Nodes.................................................20 2.2.2 Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks............................................22 2.2.3 Popular Applications of Sensor Networks ................................................24 2.2.4 Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks...................................................26 Chapter 3 Related Research and Literature Review ............................................28 iii
Page 1 and 2: Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networ
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Wireless Sensor and Actuat
Page 5: To my wife for having faith in me a
Page 9 and 10: 6.4.2 Lighting Optimization Algorit
Page 11 and 12: 10.2.1 Theoretical Contributions...
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 1-1 Research
Page 15 and 16: Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. .......
Page 17 and 18: Figure 9-31 Energy savings vs. payb
Page 19 and 20: The integration of wireless sensor
Page 21 and 22: esulting lighting is optimal in the
Page 23 and 24: acquisition and wireless transmissi
Page 25 and 26: a central base computer for sensor
Page 27 and 28: optimal light settings were in turn
Page 29 and 30: possibility of wireless actuator ne
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Motivation The motivation
Page 33 and 34: [21]. Lighting accounts for 30% of
Page 35 and 36: Table 2-1 summarizes each of the co
Page 37 and 38: from light level tuning impossible
Page 39 and 40: used in the progress of this resear
Page 41 and 42: are expected to autonomously config
Page 43 and 44: office, and industrial applications
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 3 Related Research and Lite
Page 47 and 48: Although radio frequency is a suppo
Page 49 and 50: channels with different capabilitie
Page 51 and 52: In practice, fusion of sensor data
Page 53 and 54: The emergence of wireless sensor ne
Page 55 and 56: A is empty f A (x) = 0, x X (3.1)
Page 57 and 58:
Convex combination: the relation Th
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where no crisp boundary can be defi
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developed by Dantzig [87]. The ineq
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sensor network is far more valuable
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Figure 4-1 Mote-FVF algorithm archi
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Figure 4-2 Gaussian correlation cur
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predicted reading. Note that the of
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fuzzification and m for the defuzz
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mote sensors were arranged in a 3-b
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Figure 4-6 Mote-FVF with median val
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Figure 4-8 Comparison of variations
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The daylighting system application
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The key components are the predicti
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Figure 5-3 Prediction performance o
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Figure 5-5 Prediction performance o
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Among them, adaptive Wiener filteri
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even though the sensed environment
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5.3 Simulation and Experiment Resul
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Figure 5-11 Adaptive sensing with d
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Figure 5-13 Damped adaptive sensing
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Chapter 6 Optimal Lighting Actuatio
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of the workplane level illuminance
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office with K luminaires, for examp
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E sub = e pq e rs e xy 1
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optimizer for a consistency check.
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Figure 6-4 Pseudo code of the light
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simulation was to show that the opt
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It is obvious from Figure 6-6 and F
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Chapter 7 Wireless-Enabled Lighting
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determined to be 0-2000 lux. Conseq
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discrete outputs from the motes spa
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actuation technologies, and additio
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Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. Since t
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Given the 256-level dimming capabil
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Figure 7-11 Prototyping Luminaire S
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to its simplicity. Although coded w
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The second experiment was executed
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Chapter 8 System Verification on Hu
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commercial system was randomized fo
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8.2.1 Hardware Implementation in Sm
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eference point on the desktop was s
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commands were received. In addition
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were provided with three wireless p
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(a) Figure 8-6 Sensor placement of
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lower meter readings was that the m
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(2) Subtle and invisible shadows ma
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function keys are. The function key
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deliberately perturbed the lights d
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Table 8-2 Summary of the test on pr
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Current Level on the investigator
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Chapter 9 System Implementation and
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Figure 9-1 Floor plan of the small
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Figure 9-3 System operation diagram
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campus-wide lighting maintenance, w
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message is addressed. The destinati
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Both the actuation and the grouping
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The construction or updating of the
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determines if this message is for u
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Figure 9-12 Lighting preset setting
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Figure 9-13 Average hourly percent
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9.4 Daylight Response The second ph
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Furthermore, the structure allows t
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Figure 9-16 Daylight harvesting tes
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Figure 9-18 Sensor readings in the
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then gradually dimmed. After reachi
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Seven-occupant case with simulated
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under significant daylight. Again,
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newly calculated light settings may
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Annual energy consumption = ( Numbe
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Figure 9-30 Energy savings vs. payb
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have partially contributed to the h
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$40 per unit and the system achieve
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performance of the current research
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sensors. The research in [14] prese
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Other than optimizing the energy co
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lighting configuration in the offic
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communications. The adaptive sensin
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integration of the research system
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will broaden the application to dif
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system could be reallocated to oper
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entities could be tremendously crit
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[7] J. A. Veitch and G. R. Newsham,
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[20] K. A. Karmel, High Performance
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[34] P. Levis, S. Madden, J. Polast
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International Workshop on Wireless
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[57] LonMark International, "Fact S
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[71] S. Sahni and X. Xu, "Algorithm
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Proceedings of the 1st Internationa
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[99] SPOT: Sensor Placement + Optim
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[113] Advance Transformer Technical
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A.2 Circuit Schematics of Photosens
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A.4 Circuit Schematics of the Secon
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Appendix B Human Subject Test B.1 C
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(a) Sensor placement of subject No.
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B.2 Comparison of System Performanc
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B.3 Summary of the Responses from t
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B.4 Human Subject Test Approval Let
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B.5 Human Subject Test Protocol Nar
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241
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243
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245
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247
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249
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B.7 Human Subject Test Questionnair
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253
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B.8 Human Subject Test Interview Sc
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Luminaire surface depreciation: 1.0
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Table C-1 Daylight reception durati
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At the rate of 9.62 cents per kWh a
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