Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Lighting Energy ...

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entities could be tremendously critical for many monitoring and control tasks. Performance art, disaster mitigation, and agriculture mentioned above are only a few fields that this research could make positive impacts on and improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and versatility of current practice. 205
References [1] The Interlaboratory Working Group, "Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future: Interlaboratory Working Group on Energy-Efficient and Clean-Energy Technologies," NREL/TP-620-29379; ORNL/CON-476; LBNL-44029, 2000. [2] "Energy Solution for Your Building," 2000. [Online]. Available: http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/office/index.html. [Accessed: April 7, 2008]. [3] M. C. W. Kintner-Meyer and R. Conant, "Opportunities of Wireless Sensors and Controls for Building Operation," in Proceedings of the 2004 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Pacific Grove, CA, 2004, pp. 3.139- 3.152. [4] V. Shnayder, M. Hempstead, B.-r. Chen, G. W. Allen, and M. Welsh, "Simulating the Power Consumption of Large-Scale Sensor Network Applications," in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Baltimore, MD, 2004, pp. 188-200. [5] O. Landsiedel, K. Wehrle, and S. Gotz, "Accurate Prediction of Power Consumption in Sensor Networks," in Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Embedded Networked Sensors (EmNetS-II), 2005, pp. 37-44. [6] P. R. Tregenza, S. M. Romaya, S. P. Dawe, L. J. Heap, and B. Tuck, "Consistency and Variation in Preferences for Office Lighting," Lighting Research and Technology, vol. 6, pp. 205-211, 1974. 206
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Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networ
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Abstract Wireless Sensor and Actuat
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To my wife for having faith in me a
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Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introdu
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6.4.2 Lighting Optimization Algorit
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10.2.1 Theoretical Contributions...
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Research
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Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. .......
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Figure 9-31 Energy savings vs. payb
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The integration of wireless sensor
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esulting lighting is optimal in the
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acquisition and wireless transmissi
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a central base computer for sensor
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optimal light settings were in turn
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possibility of wireless actuator ne
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Chapter 2 Motivation The motivation
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[21]. Lighting accounts for 30% of
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Table 2-1 summarizes each of the co
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from light level tuning impossible
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used in the progress of this resear
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are expected to autonomously config
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office, and industrial applications
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Chapter 3 Related Research and Lite
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Although radio frequency is a suppo
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channels with different capabilitie
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In practice, fusion of sensor data
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The emergence of wireless sensor ne
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A is empty f A (x) = 0, x X (3.1)
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Convex combination: the relation Th
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where no crisp boundary can be defi
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developed by Dantzig [87]. The ineq
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sensor network is far more valuable
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Figure 4-1 Mote-FVF algorithm archi
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Figure 4-2 Gaussian correlation cur
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predicted reading. Note that the of
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fuzzification and m for the defuzz
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mote sensors were arranged in a 3-b
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Figure 4-6 Mote-FVF with median val
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Figure 4-8 Comparison of variations
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The daylighting system application
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The key components are the predicti
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Figure 5-3 Prediction performance o
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Figure 5-5 Prediction performance o
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Among them, adaptive Wiener filteri
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even though the sensed environment
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5.3 Simulation and Experiment Resul
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Figure 5-11 Adaptive sensing with d
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Figure 5-13 Damped adaptive sensing
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Chapter 6 Optimal Lighting Actuatio
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of the workplane level illuminance
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office with K luminaires, for examp
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E sub = e pq e rs e xy 1
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optimizer for a consistency check.
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Figure 6-4 Pseudo code of the light
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simulation was to show that the opt
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It is obvious from Figure 6-6 and F
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Chapter 7 Wireless-Enabled Lighting
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determined to be 0-2000 lux. Conseq
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discrete outputs from the motes spa
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actuation technologies, and additio
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Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. Since t
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Given the 256-level dimming capabil
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Figure 7-11 Prototyping Luminaire S
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to its simplicity. Although coded w
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The second experiment was executed
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Chapter 8 System Verification on Hu
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commercial system was randomized fo
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8.2.1 Hardware Implementation in Sm
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eference point on the desktop was s
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commands were received. In addition
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were provided with three wireless p
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(a) Figure 8-6 Sensor placement of
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lower meter readings was that the m
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(2) Subtle and invisible shadows ma
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function keys are. The function key
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deliberately perturbed the lights d
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Table 8-2 Summary of the test on pr
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Current Level on the investigator
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Chapter 9 System Implementation and
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Figure 9-1 Floor plan of the small
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Figure 9-3 System operation diagram
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campus-wide lighting maintenance, w
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message is addressed. The destinati
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Both the actuation and the grouping
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The construction or updating of the
Page 172 and 173: determines if this message is for u
Page 174 and 175: Figure 9-12 Lighting preset setting
Page 176 and 177: Figure 9-13 Average hourly percent
Page 178 and 179: 9.4 Daylight Response The second ph
Page 180 and 181: Furthermore, the structure allows t
Page 182 and 183: Figure 9-16 Daylight harvesting tes
Page 184 and 185: Figure 9-18 Sensor readings in the
Page 186 and 187: then gradually dimmed. After reachi
Page 190 and 191: Seven-occupant case with simulated
Page 194 and 195: under significant daylight. Again,
Page 196 and 197: newly calculated light settings may
Page 198 and 199: Annual energy consumption = ( Numbe
Page 200 and 201: Figure 9-30 Energy savings vs. payb
Page 202 and 203: have partially contributed to the h
Page 204 and 205: $40 per unit and the system achieve
Page 206 and 207: performance of the current research
Page 208 and 209: sensors. The research in [14] prese
Page 210 and 211: Other than optimizing the energy co
Page 212 and 213: lighting configuration in the offic
Page 214 and 215: communications. The adaptive sensin
Page 216 and 217: integration of the research system
Page 218 and 219: will broaden the application to dif
Page 220 and 221: system could be reallocated to oper
Page 224 and 225: [7] J. A. Veitch and G. R. Newsham,
Page 226 and 227: [20] K. A. Karmel, High Performance
Page 228 and 229: [34] P. Levis, S. Madden, J. Polast
Page 230 and 231: International Workshop on Wireless
Page 232 and 233: [57] LonMark International, "Fact S
Page 234 and 235: [71] S. Sahni and X. Xu, "Algorithm
Page 236 and 237: Proceedings of the 1st Internationa
Page 238 and 239: [99] SPOT: Sensor Placement + Optim
Page 240 and 241: [113] Advance Transformer Technical
Page 242 and 243: A.2 Circuit Schematics of Photosens
Page 244 and 245: A.4 Circuit Schematics of the Secon
Page 246 and 247: Appendix B Human Subject Test B.1 C
Page 248 and 249: (a) Sensor placement of subject No.
Page 250 and 251: B.2 Comparison of System Performanc
Page 252 and 253: B.3 Summary of the Responses from t
Page 254 and 255: B.4 Human Subject Test Approval Let
Page 256 and 257: B.5 Human Subject Test Protocol Nar
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Page 262 and 263: 245
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Page 266 and 267: 249
Page 268 and 269: B.7 Human Subject Test Questionnair
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B.8 Human Subject Test Interview Sc
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Luminaire surface depreciation: 1.0
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Table C-1 Daylight reception durati
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At the rate of 9.62 cents per kWh a
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