Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Lighting Energy ...

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a popular active research area [8-13], upon which the technologies developed in this research are built. The work of interfacing lighting control components with wireless sensor and actuator network technologies is meant to demonstrate practicability and realize the research system as defined in the third research area. Although the prototyping lighting components are also designed to be compact with the most suitable, economical and environmental-friendly elements, it is clear that they can be further optimized if the components were to be mass-produced for commercialization. 1.5 Research Contributions This dissertation introduces a framework for energy-efficient wireless lighting systems in hopes of providing high quality office lighting while mitigating global warming by reducing lighting energy consumption. This research has made both theoretical and applications oriented contributions. The theoretical contributions have been made mainly through the theoretical developments of this research. The algorithms developed are optimized and practical for real-time applications. The fuzzy sensor validation and fusion algorithm and the autonomous sensing with adaptive rate algorithm can be generalized for various sensing applications. For example, the sensor fusion algorithm has been applied to structural health monitoring for space vehicles in [14]. The optimal lighting actuation algorithm can also be extended for systems with multiple actuators to achieve the optimal performance. Moreover, this research also pioneered in exploring and demonstrating the 11
possibility of wireless actuator networks, which uses wireless sensor network technologies for actuation. This dissertation also shows the feasibility of the wireless networked lighting system through the implementations during the research, and it demonstrates the possibility of delivering satisfying lighting while minimizing energy usage. The wireless-integrated lighting components promise a lower retrofitting cost and hence a shorter payback period that is more likely to meet the five-year payback period criterion acceptable to facility managers for adopting energy efficient products [15]. Furthermore, the ability to simultaneously minimize energy consumption and satisfy each occupant’s lighting preferences points to the potential of the system being widely adopted to generate savings. 1.6 Dissertation Outline This chapter served as an overview of this dissertation and addressed the research goals, introduced the system architecture, laid out the research methods, defined the scope, and summarized the contributions. Having provided the big picture, the following chapters detail each aspect of this dissertation research. Chapter two and three lay down the foundation and background of this dissertation research. Chapter two states the motivation of this research from an energy standpoint and introduces wireless sensor networks, the core technology applied in this research on energy-efficient and cost-effective lighting systems. Chapter three reviews related research and literature on techniques utilized in the course of this research. 12
Page 1 and 2: Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networ
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Wireless Sensor and Actuat
Page 5 and 6: To my wife for having faith in me a
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introdu
Page 9 and 10: 6.4.2 Lighting Optimization Algorit
Page 11 and 12: 10.2.1 Theoretical Contributions...
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 1-1 Research
Page 15 and 16: Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. .......
Page 17 and 18: Figure 9-31 Energy savings vs. payb
Page 19 and 20: The integration of wireless sensor
Page 21 and 22: esulting lighting is optimal in the
Page 23 and 24: acquisition and wireless transmissi
Page 25 and 26: a central base computer for sensor
Page 27: optimal light settings were in turn
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Motivation The motivation
Page 33 and 34: [21]. Lighting accounts for 30% of
Page 35 and 36: Table 2-1 summarizes each of the co
Page 37 and 38: from light level tuning impossible
Page 39 and 40: used in the progress of this resear
Page 41 and 42: are expected to autonomously config
Page 43 and 44: office, and industrial applications
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 3 Related Research and Lite
Page 47 and 48: Although radio frequency is a suppo
Page 49 and 50: channels with different capabilitie
Page 51 and 52: In practice, fusion of sensor data
Page 53 and 54: The emergence of wireless sensor ne
Page 55 and 56: A is empty f A (x) = 0, x X (3.1)
Page 57 and 58: Convex combination: the relation Th
Page 59 and 60: where no crisp boundary can be defi
Page 61 and 62: developed by Dantzig [87]. The ineq
Page 63 and 64: sensor network is far more valuable
Page 65 and 66: Figure 4-1 Mote-FVF algorithm archi
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4-2 Gaussian correlation cur
Page 69 and 70: predicted reading. Note that the of
Page 71 and 72: fuzzification and m for the defuzz
Page 73 and 74: mote sensors were arranged in a 3-b
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4-6 Mote-FVF with median val
Page 77 and 78: Figure 4-8 Comparison of variations
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The daylighting system application
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The key components are the predicti
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Figure 5-3 Prediction performance o
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Figure 5-5 Prediction performance o
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Among them, adaptive Wiener filteri
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even though the sensed environment
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5.3 Simulation and Experiment Resul
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Figure 5-11 Adaptive sensing with d
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Figure 5-13 Damped adaptive sensing
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Chapter 6 Optimal Lighting Actuatio
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of the workplane level illuminance
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office with K luminaires, for examp
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E sub = e pq e rs e xy 1
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optimizer for a consistency check.
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Figure 6-4 Pseudo code of the light
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simulation was to show that the opt
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It is obvious from Figure 6-6 and F
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Chapter 7 Wireless-Enabled Lighting
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determined to be 0-2000 lux. Conseq
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discrete outputs from the motes spa
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actuation technologies, and additio
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Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. Since t
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Given the 256-level dimming capabil
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Figure 7-11 Prototyping Luminaire S
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to its simplicity. Although coded w
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The second experiment was executed
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Chapter 8 System Verification on Hu
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commercial system was randomized fo
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8.2.1 Hardware Implementation in Sm
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eference point on the desktop was s
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commands were received. In addition
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were provided with three wireless p
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(a) Figure 8-6 Sensor placement of
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lower meter readings was that the m
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(2) Subtle and invisible shadows ma
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function keys are. The function key
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deliberately perturbed the lights d
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Table 8-2 Summary of the test on pr
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Current Level on the investigator
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Chapter 9 System Implementation and
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Figure 9-1 Floor plan of the small
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Figure 9-3 System operation diagram
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campus-wide lighting maintenance, w
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message is addressed. The destinati
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Both the actuation and the grouping
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The construction or updating of the
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determines if this message is for u
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Figure 9-12 Lighting preset setting
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Figure 9-13 Average hourly percent
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9.4 Daylight Response The second ph
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Furthermore, the structure allows t
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Figure 9-16 Daylight harvesting tes
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Figure 9-18 Sensor readings in the
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then gradually dimmed. After reachi
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Seven-occupant case with simulated
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under significant daylight. Again,
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newly calculated light settings may
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Annual energy consumption = ( Numbe
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Figure 9-30 Energy savings vs. payb
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have partially contributed to the h
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$40 per unit and the system achieve
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performance of the current research
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sensors. The research in [14] prese
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Other than optimizing the energy co
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lighting configuration in the offic
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communications. The adaptive sensin
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integration of the research system
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will broaden the application to dif
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system could be reallocated to oper
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entities could be tremendously crit
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[7] J. A. Veitch and G. R. Newsham,
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[20] K. A. Karmel, High Performance
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[34] P. Levis, S. Madden, J. Polast
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International Workshop on Wireless
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[57] LonMark International, "Fact S
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[71] S. Sahni and X. Xu, "Algorithm
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Proceedings of the 1st Internationa
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[99] SPOT: Sensor Placement + Optim
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[113] Advance Transformer Technical
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A.2 Circuit Schematics of Photosens
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A.4 Circuit Schematics of the Secon
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Appendix B Human Subject Test B.1 C
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(a) Sensor placement of subject No.
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B.2 Comparison of System Performanc
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B.3 Summary of the Responses from t
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B.4 Human Subject Test Approval Let
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B.5 Human Subject Test Protocol Nar
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241
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243
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245
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247
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249
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B.7 Human Subject Test Questionnair
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253
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B.8 Human Subject Test Interview Sc
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Luminaire surface depreciation: 1.0
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Table C-1 Daylight reception durati
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At the rate of 9.62 cents per kWh a
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