Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Lighting Energy ...

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communications. The adaptive sensing algorithm contributes to relieving the energy limitation issue intrinsic to wireless sensor networks from the application level while retaining good resolution of the measurements. The optimal lighting actuation algorithm exploits mathematical programming to determine the most energy-efficient light settings given present occupants’ lighting preferences. It has been recognized that densely deployed sensors could carry redundant information about the monitored environment that can be aggregated using sensor fusion techniques. Likewise, the lighting optimization algorithm was pioneered to explore the idea that actions taken by each actuator in a wireless actuator network may have overlapping effects on the environment and thus should be optimized for efficiency. This algorithm presents a novel way for wireless networked actuators to deliver the global optimal result, satisfying the specified objective and constraints. Although realized exclusively for lighting control, the same framework may easily be extended to actuator networks in other applications such as fire sprinkler systems, agriculture irrigation systems, etc. 10.2.2 Applications-oriented Contribution The application-oriented contributions made by this research lie in the comprehensive study of integrating office lighting systems with wireless sensor and actuator network technologies. Prototyping hardware and pilot implementations realized in the progress of this research have demonstrated the practicability of such an intelligent wireless lighting system. 197
Although wireless lighting products have already been on the market, the functionality is confined merely to personal area manual lighting manipulation. The dissertation pioneered the system level design of an energy-efficient wireless lighting control system for shared-space offices. In addition to circumventing costly and complicated retrofits as claimed by all wireless systems, the research also focused on taking advantage of the individual addressability of wireless-enabled lighting components. Possessing a similar addressability feature as its wired counterpart, DALI [54] and LonWorks [56], the research system is even more flexible and less constrained for configuring the lights to meet occupants’ preferences in an energy-efficient manner. Human subject tests conducted in this research have verified the promising performance of the wireless lighting system as compared to commercial products with similar functionalities. The testing result also reveals the need for a variety of overriding mechanisms even though the ultimate goal is an automatic lighting system. Users always demand a certain degree of control over the environment in which they work, and recognizing and respecting this desire could be the key for advanced wireless lighting systems to successfully penetrate the market. 10.3 Future Research The future research directions are discussed from the following three aspects: further improvement of the research system, extension of the developed lighting system, and application of the framework beyond the current domain. Enhancing the system performance and increasing sensing and actuation capabilities are considered as further improvements of the research system. Generating more energy savings through the 198
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Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networ
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Abstract Wireless Sensor and Actuat
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To my wife for having faith in me a
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Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introdu
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6.4.2 Lighting Optimization Algorit
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10.2.1 Theoretical Contributions...
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Research
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Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. .......
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Figure 9-31 Energy savings vs. payb
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The integration of wireless sensor
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esulting lighting is optimal in the
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acquisition and wireless transmissi
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a central base computer for sensor
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optimal light settings were in turn
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possibility of wireless actuator ne
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Chapter 2 Motivation The motivation
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[21]. Lighting accounts for 30% of
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Table 2-1 summarizes each of the co
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from light level tuning impossible
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used in the progress of this resear
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are expected to autonomously config
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office, and industrial applications
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Chapter 3 Related Research and Lite
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Although radio frequency is a suppo
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channels with different capabilitie
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In practice, fusion of sensor data
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The emergence of wireless sensor ne
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A is empty f A (x) = 0, x X (3.1)
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Convex combination: the relation Th
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where no crisp boundary can be defi
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developed by Dantzig [87]. The ineq
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sensor network is far more valuable
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Figure 4-1 Mote-FVF algorithm archi
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Figure 4-2 Gaussian correlation cur
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predicted reading. Note that the of
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fuzzification and m for the defuzz
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mote sensors were arranged in a 3-b
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Figure 4-6 Mote-FVF with median val
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Figure 4-8 Comparison of variations
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The daylighting system application
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The key components are the predicti
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Figure 5-3 Prediction performance o
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Figure 5-5 Prediction performance o
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Among them, adaptive Wiener filteri
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even though the sensed environment
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5.3 Simulation and Experiment Resul
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Figure 5-11 Adaptive sensing with d
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Figure 5-13 Damped adaptive sensing
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Chapter 6 Optimal Lighting Actuatio
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of the workplane level illuminance
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office with K luminaires, for examp
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E sub = e pq e rs e xy 1
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optimizer for a consistency check.
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Figure 6-4 Pseudo code of the light
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simulation was to show that the opt
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It is obvious from Figure 6-6 and F
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Chapter 7 Wireless-Enabled Lighting
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determined to be 0-2000 lux. Conseq
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discrete outputs from the motes spa
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actuation technologies, and additio
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Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. Since t
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Given the 256-level dimming capabil
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Figure 7-11 Prototyping Luminaire S
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to its simplicity. Although coded w
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The second experiment was executed
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Chapter 8 System Verification on Hu
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commercial system was randomized fo
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8.2.1 Hardware Implementation in Sm
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eference point on the desktop was s
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commands were received. In addition
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were provided with three wireless p
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(a) Figure 8-6 Sensor placement of
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lower meter readings was that the m
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(2) Subtle and invisible shadows ma
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function keys are. The function key
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deliberately perturbed the lights d
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Table 8-2 Summary of the test on pr
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Current Level on the investigator
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Chapter 9 System Implementation and
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Figure 9-1 Floor plan of the small
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Figure 9-3 System operation diagram
Page 164 and 165: campus-wide lighting maintenance, w
Page 166 and 167: message is addressed. The destinati
Page 168 and 169: Both the actuation and the grouping
Page 170 and 171: The construction or updating of the
Page 172 and 173: determines if this message is for u
Page 174 and 175: Figure 9-12 Lighting preset setting
Page 176 and 177: Figure 9-13 Average hourly percent
Page 178 and 179: 9.4 Daylight Response The second ph
Page 180 and 181: Furthermore, the structure allows t
Page 182 and 183: Figure 9-16 Daylight harvesting tes
Page 184 and 185: Figure 9-18 Sensor readings in the
Page 186 and 187: then gradually dimmed. After reachi
Page 190 and 191: Seven-occupant case with simulated
Page 194 and 195: under significant daylight. Again,
Page 196 and 197: newly calculated light settings may
Page 198 and 199: Annual energy consumption = ( Numbe
Page 200 and 201: Figure 9-30 Energy savings vs. payb
Page 202 and 203: have partially contributed to the h
Page 204 and 205: $40 per unit and the system achieve
Page 206 and 207: performance of the current research
Page 208 and 209: sensors. The research in [14] prese
Page 210 and 211: Other than optimizing the energy co
Page 212 and 213: lighting configuration in the offic
Page 216 and 217: integration of the research system
Page 218 and 219: will broaden the application to dif
Page 220 and 221: system could be reallocated to oper
Page 222 and 223: entities could be tremendously crit
Page 224 and 225: [7] J. A. Veitch and G. R. Newsham,
Page 226 and 227: [20] K. A. Karmel, High Performance
Page 228 and 229: [34] P. Levis, S. Madden, J. Polast
Page 230 and 231: International Workshop on Wireless
Page 232 and 233: [57] LonMark International, "Fact S
Page 234 and 235: [71] S. Sahni and X. Xu, "Algorithm
Page 236 and 237: Proceedings of the 1st Internationa
Page 238 and 239: [99] SPOT: Sensor Placement + Optim
Page 240 and 241: [113] Advance Transformer Technical
Page 242 and 243: A.2 Circuit Schematics of Photosens
Page 244 and 245: A.4 Circuit Schematics of the Secon
Page 246 and 247: Appendix B Human Subject Test B.1 C
Page 248 and 249: (a) Sensor placement of subject No.
Page 250 and 251: B.2 Comparison of System Performanc
Page 252 and 253: B.3 Summary of the Responses from t
Page 254 and 255: B.4 Human Subject Test Approval Let
Page 256 and 257: B.5 Human Subject Test Protocol Nar
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B.7 Human Subject Test Questionnair
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B.8 Human Subject Test Interview Sc
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Luminaire surface depreciation: 1.0
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Table C-1 Daylight reception durati
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At the rate of 9.62 cents per kWh a
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