Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Lighting Energy ...

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• The topology of a sensor network may change frequently. • Sensor nodes mainly use broadcast communication paradigm. • Sensor nodes have limited power, computational capability and memory. • Sensor nodes may not have global identification. The emphasis on sensor in the term wireless sensor networks makes them very application-specific. The type and specification of sensors vary with applications, which also affect how a sensor network is deployed. Table 2-2 Comparison of sensor platform specifications. Mote Module MICA MICA2 Tmote Sky Processor Performance Speed 4 MHz 4 MHz 8MHz Flash 128K bytes 128K bytes 48K bytes SRAM 4K bytes 512K bytes 1024K bytes EEPROM 4K bytes 4K bytes 10 K bytes Analog to Digital Converter 10 bit ADC 10 bit ADC 12 bit ADC Processor Current Draw Active 5.5 mA 8 mA 0.5 mA Sleep
are expected to autonomously configure into a connected network to relay information to the data sink. Under circumstances where the wireless connection is compromised due to noisy links, malfunctioning nodes or moving nodes, the network should be able to hop onto different carrier frequencies or rebuild routing paths to ensure the connectivity. Furthermore, as a consequence of the dense deployment and the failureprone nature of the wireless sensor nodes, the information these nodes can observe has become much more important than the reading from any particular node. 2.2.3 Popular Applications of Sensor Networks Technologies surrounding wireless sensor networks have become attractive research areas. Active research topics include the development of networking protocol stack, hardware, operating systems, communication privacy and security, localization, simulator, data aggregation and processing methods, energy scavenging, applications and deployment, and so on. The progress of MEMS and CMOS (complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor) processing technology is the key to the ultimate dust-sized wireless sensor nodes that integrate the components onto a single chip [35]. Researchers have been devoted to the design and fabrication of components such as low power RF transceivers [36] and sensors [37, 38] based on these technologies. Before the technology becomes mature enough to deliver the single-chip dust sensors, researchers and manufacturers have developed a variety of matchbox-sized macro wireless sensor platforms, generally referred to as motes, by integrating off-the-shelf components. 24
Page 1 and 2: Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networ
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Wireless Sensor and Actuat
Page 5 and 6: To my wife for having faith in me a
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introdu
Page 9 and 10: 6.4.2 Lighting Optimization Algorit
Page 11 and 12: 10.2.1 Theoretical Contributions...
Page 13 and 14: List of Figures Figure 1-1 Research
Page 15 and 16: Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. .......
Page 17 and 18: Figure 9-31 Energy savings vs. payb
Page 19 and 20: The integration of wireless sensor
Page 21 and 22: esulting lighting is optimal in the
Page 23 and 24: acquisition and wireless transmissi
Page 25 and 26: a central base computer for sensor
Page 27 and 28: optimal light settings were in turn
Page 29 and 30: possibility of wireless actuator ne
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 2 Motivation The motivation
Page 33 and 34: [21]. Lighting accounts for 30% of
Page 35 and 36: Table 2-1 summarizes each of the co
Page 37 and 38: from light level tuning impossible
Page 39: used in the progress of this resear
Page 43 and 44: office, and industrial applications
Page 45 and 46: Chapter 3 Related Research and Lite
Page 47 and 48: Although radio frequency is a suppo
Page 49 and 50: channels with different capabilitie
Page 51 and 52: In practice, fusion of sensor data
Page 53 and 54: The emergence of wireless sensor ne
Page 55 and 56: A is empty f A (x) = 0, x X (3.1)
Page 57 and 58: Convex combination: the relation Th
Page 59 and 60: where no crisp boundary can be defi
Page 61 and 62: developed by Dantzig [87]. The ineq
Page 63 and 64: sensor network is far more valuable
Page 65 and 66: Figure 4-1 Mote-FVF algorithm archi
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4-2 Gaussian correlation cur
Page 69 and 70: predicted reading. Note that the of
Page 71 and 72: fuzzification and m for the defuzz
Page 73 and 74: mote sensors were arranged in a 3-b
Page 75 and 76: Figure 4-6 Mote-FVF with median val
Page 77 and 78: Figure 4-8 Comparison of variations
Page 79 and 80: The daylighting system application
Page 81 and 82: The key components are the predicti
Page 83 and 84: Figure 5-3 Prediction performance o
Page 85 and 86: Figure 5-5 Prediction performance o
Page 87 and 88: Among them, adaptive Wiener filteri
Page 89 and 90: even though the sensed environment
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5.3 Simulation and Experiment Resul
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Figure 5-11 Adaptive sensing with d
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Figure 5-13 Damped adaptive sensing
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Chapter 6 Optimal Lighting Actuatio
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of the workplane level illuminance
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office with K luminaires, for examp
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E sub = e pq e rs e xy 1
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optimizer for a consistency check.
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Figure 6-4 Pseudo code of the light
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simulation was to show that the opt
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It is obvious from Figure 6-6 and F
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Chapter 7 Wireless-Enabled Lighting
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determined to be 0-2000 lux. Conseq
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discrete outputs from the motes spa
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actuation technologies, and additio
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Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. Since t
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Given the 256-level dimming capabil
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Figure 7-11 Prototyping Luminaire S
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to its simplicity. Although coded w
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The second experiment was executed
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Chapter 8 System Verification on Hu
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commercial system was randomized fo
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8.2.1 Hardware Implementation in Sm
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eference point on the desktop was s
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commands were received. In addition
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were provided with three wireless p
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(a) Figure 8-6 Sensor placement of
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lower meter readings was that the m
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(2) Subtle and invisible shadows ma
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function keys are. The function key
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deliberately perturbed the lights d
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Table 8-2 Summary of the test on pr
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Current Level on the investigator
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Chapter 9 System Implementation and
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Figure 9-1 Floor plan of the small
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Figure 9-3 System operation diagram
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campus-wide lighting maintenance, w
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message is addressed. The destinati
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Both the actuation and the grouping
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The construction or updating of the
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determines if this message is for u
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Figure 9-12 Lighting preset setting
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Figure 9-13 Average hourly percent
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9.4 Daylight Response The second ph
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Furthermore, the structure allows t
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Figure 9-16 Daylight harvesting tes
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Figure 9-18 Sensor readings in the
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then gradually dimmed. After reachi
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Seven-occupant case with simulated
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under significant daylight. Again,
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newly calculated light settings may
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Annual energy consumption = ( Numbe
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Figure 9-30 Energy savings vs. payb
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have partially contributed to the h
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$40 per unit and the system achieve
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performance of the current research
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sensors. The research in [14] prese
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Other than optimizing the energy co
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lighting configuration in the offic
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communications. The adaptive sensin
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integration of the research system
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will broaden the application to dif
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system could be reallocated to oper
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entities could be tremendously crit
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[7] J. A. Veitch and G. R. Newsham,
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[20] K. A. Karmel, High Performance
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[34] P. Levis, S. Madden, J. Polast
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International Workshop on Wireless
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[57] LonMark International, "Fact S
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[71] S. Sahni and X. Xu, "Algorithm
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Proceedings of the 1st Internationa
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[99] SPOT: Sensor Placement + Optim
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[113] Advance Transformer Technical
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A.2 Circuit Schematics of Photosens
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A.4 Circuit Schematics of the Secon
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Appendix B Human Subject Test B.1 C
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(a) Sensor placement of subject No.
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B.2 Comparison of System Performanc
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B.3 Summary of the Responses from t
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B.4 Human Subject Test Approval Let
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B.5 Human Subject Test Protocol Nar
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241
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243
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245
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249
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B.7 Human Subject Test Questionnair
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253
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B.8 Human Subject Test Interview Sc
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Luminaire surface depreciation: 1.0
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Table C-1 Daylight reception durati
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At the rate of 9.62 cents per kWh a
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