Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Lighting Energy ...

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Both the actuation and the grouping messages are transmitted from the base station to the destination mote(s) using a flooding-based network protocol. When an actuation or grouping message is ready to transmit, the base station broadcasts the message. Each of the motes that hears the message will rebroadcast the same message unless it is repetitive. Meanwhile, each mote will respond accordingly if the message is addressed to it. The chosen network protocol supports unicast, multicast and broadcast so that multiple motes may react to the same message. Status reporting activity The status report message type has the structure shown in Figure 9-7. The functionalities of the source ID, origin ID, sequence number and time to live fields in the message are exactly the same as those in the actuation message type. The activate, power off, dimming level and step control fields carry the corresponding status of the mote actuator. As mentioned before, the purpose of the status feedback from each actuation mote is twofold: (1) to reinforce the communication links through a tree-based per-hop acknowledgement network protocol, and (2) to monitor the true actuation status of each mote actuator. Although the flooding-based actuation message communication protocol seems to be robust, there is still the chance that the destination mote will miss the message since no acknowledgement mechanism was implemented in the protocol. With the status report from the mote actuators, the base server can check the consistency between the reported status and the latest actuation history and resend the actuation message when inconsistency is detected. The status report messages are transmitted 151
using a tree-based mechanism with the base station as the root of the tree. The mote in the route to the root will relay a received status message to its parent one layer closer to the root, and wait for the acknowledgement from its parent. Unacknowledged messages are resent up to three times. Figure 9-7 Status report message structure. Network management activity The beacon message type is used to create the communication tree for transmitting the status report messages from ballast actuators as well as the sensor messages from photosensors, and has the structure of Figure 9-8. The source ID field specifies the unique identification number of the mote that sends out the beacon message. The parent ID field contains the parent’s identification number of the mote. The cost field indicates the cost of using the transmission route, which is calculated from the link quality indicator (LQI) embedded in every received packet and the hop counts in the hop count field. The hop count field keeps track of how many of the same beacon message are relayed, and increases by one for each relay. 152
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Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networ
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Abstract Wireless Sensor and Actuat
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To my wife for having faith in me a
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Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introdu
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6.4.2 Lighting Optimization Algorit
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10.2.1 Theoretical Contributions...
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Research
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Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. .......
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Figure 9-31 Energy savings vs. payb
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The integration of wireless sensor
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esulting lighting is optimal in the
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acquisition and wireless transmissi
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a central base computer for sensor
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optimal light settings were in turn
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possibility of wireless actuator ne
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Chapter 2 Motivation The motivation
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[21]. Lighting accounts for 30% of
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Table 2-1 summarizes each of the co
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from light level tuning impossible
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used in the progress of this resear
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are expected to autonomously config
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office, and industrial applications
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Chapter 3 Related Research and Lite
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Although radio frequency is a suppo
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channels with different capabilitie
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In practice, fusion of sensor data
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The emergence of wireless sensor ne
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A is empty f A (x) = 0, x X (3.1)
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Convex combination: the relation Th
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where no crisp boundary can be defi
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developed by Dantzig [87]. The ineq
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sensor network is far more valuable
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Figure 4-1 Mote-FVF algorithm archi
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Figure 4-2 Gaussian correlation cur
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predicted reading. Note that the of
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fuzzification and m for the defuzz
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mote sensors were arranged in a 3-b
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Figure 4-6 Mote-FVF with median val
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Figure 4-8 Comparison of variations
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The daylighting system application
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The key components are the predicti
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Figure 5-3 Prediction performance o
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Figure 5-5 Prediction performance o
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Among them, adaptive Wiener filteri
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even though the sensed environment
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5.3 Simulation and Experiment Resul
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Figure 5-11 Adaptive sensing with d
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Figure 5-13 Damped adaptive sensing
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Chapter 6 Optimal Lighting Actuatio
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of the workplane level illuminance
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office with K luminaires, for examp
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E sub = e pq e rs e xy 1
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optimizer for a consistency check.
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Figure 6-4 Pseudo code of the light
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simulation was to show that the opt
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It is obvious from Figure 6-6 and F
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Chapter 7 Wireless-Enabled Lighting
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determined to be 0-2000 lux. Conseq
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Page 119 and 120: actuation technologies, and additio
Page 122 and 123: Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. Since t
Page 124 and 125: Given the 256-level dimming capabil
Page 126 and 127: Figure 7-11 Prototyping Luminaire S
Page 128 and 129: to its simplicity. Although coded w
Page 130 and 131: The second experiment was executed
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 8 System Verification on Hu
Page 134 and 135: commercial system was randomized fo
Page 136 and 137: 8.2.1 Hardware Implementation in Sm
Page 138 and 139: eference point on the desktop was s
Page 140 and 141: commands were received. In addition
Page 142 and 143: were provided with three wireless p
Page 144 and 145: (a) Figure 8-6 Sensor placement of
Page 146 and 147: lower meter readings was that the m
Page 148 and 149: (2) Subtle and invisible shadows ma
Page 150 and 151: function keys are. The function key
Page 152 and 153: deliberately perturbed the lights d
Page 154 and 155: Table 8-2 Summary of the test on pr
Page 156 and 157: Current Level on the investigator
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 9 System Implementation and
Page 160 and 161: Figure 9-1 Floor plan of the small
Page 162 and 163: Figure 9-3 System operation diagram
Page 164 and 165: campus-wide lighting maintenance, w
Page 166 and 167: message is addressed. The destinati
Page 170 and 171: The construction or updating of the
Page 172 and 173: determines if this message is for u
Page 174 and 175: Figure 9-12 Lighting preset setting
Page 176 and 177: Figure 9-13 Average hourly percent
Page 178 and 179: 9.4 Daylight Response The second ph
Page 180 and 181: Furthermore, the structure allows t
Page 182 and 183: Figure 9-16 Daylight harvesting tes
Page 184 and 185: Figure 9-18 Sensor readings in the
Page 186 and 187: then gradually dimmed. After reachi
Page 190 and 191: Seven-occupant case with simulated
Page 194 and 195: under significant daylight. Again,
Page 196 and 197: newly calculated light settings may
Page 198 and 199: Annual energy consumption = ( Numbe
Page 200 and 201: Figure 9-30 Energy savings vs. payb
Page 202 and 203: have partially contributed to the h
Page 204 and 205: $40 per unit and the system achieve
Page 206 and 207: performance of the current research
Page 208 and 209: sensors. The research in [14] prese
Page 210 and 211: Other than optimizing the energy co
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Page 214 and 215: communications. The adaptive sensin
Page 216 and 217: integration of the research system
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will broaden the application to dif
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system could be reallocated to oper
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entities could be tremendously crit
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[7] J. A. Veitch and G. R. Newsham,
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[20] K. A. Karmel, High Performance
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[34] P. Levis, S. Madden, J. Polast
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International Workshop on Wireless
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[57] LonMark International, "Fact S
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[71] S. Sahni and X. Xu, "Algorithm
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Proceedings of the 1st Internationa
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[99] SPOT: Sensor Placement + Optim
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[113] Advance Transformer Technical
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A.2 Circuit Schematics of Photosens
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A.4 Circuit Schematics of the Secon
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Appendix B Human Subject Test B.1 C
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(a) Sensor placement of subject No.
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B.2 Comparison of System Performanc
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B.3 Summary of the Responses from t
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B.4 Human Subject Test Approval Let
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B.5 Human Subject Test Protocol Nar
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B.7 Human Subject Test Questionnair
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B.8 Human Subject Test Interview Sc
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Luminaire surface depreciation: 1.0
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Table C-1 Daylight reception durati
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At the rate of 9.62 cents per kWh a
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