Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Lighting Energy ...

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campus-wide lighting maintenance, were recruited for the retrofitting task. Both electricians had worked with dimmable ballasts before, but neither of them had prior experience with this particular mote-based actuation module. It took each of the electricians roughly one hour to complete retrofitting the first luminaire, but the retrofitting time reduced to about twenty minutes per troffer for each electrician after they had gotten up to speed and had developed their own method for installing the modules. The wires used on the actuation modules were color coded to match the color of the wires used for typical dimmable ballasts and power lines to avoid confusion and enhance the ease of installation. Figure 9-4 is a snapshot of the retrofitted office with the luminaires actuated at different levels. Figure 9-4 Office lighting after retrofitted with the research system. 147
Network design In addition to enabling the wireless capability of each luminaire, the implemented system also realized a self-configuring multi-hop wireless actuator network. Four wireless message packet types were implemented for this purpose: actuation message, status message, grouping message, and beacon message. Specifically, the actuation message and the grouping message are packet types that support lighting actuation activities, and status message and beacon message are packet types for actuation status reporting from each luminaire. Two additional packet types, sensor message and sensor management message, were defined for wireless photosensors in the second phase of the implementation when sensors were integrated into the research system. The structure of each message type was designed to have certain amount of flexibility for future expansion, and thus not every single field in each message type was utilized in this implementation. Actuation activity The actuation message type has the structure shown in Figure 9-5. The source ID field contains the unique identification number of the mote that sends out the message, which can be the mote that either generates the message or relays the message. The origin ID field carries the identification number of the mote that originates the message, which is always the ID of the base station mote since the base server is the only entity that issues actuation commands in this implementation. The destination ID field specifies the mote to which this message is addressed. If it is a multicasting or broadcasting message, the destination group ID field indicates the group to which this 148
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Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networ
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Abstract Wireless Sensor and Actuat
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To my wife for having faith in me a
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Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introdu
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6.4.2 Lighting Optimization Algorit
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10.2.1 Theoretical Contributions...
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List of Figures Figure 1-1 Research
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Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. .......
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Figure 9-31 Energy savings vs. payb
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The integration of wireless sensor
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esulting lighting is optimal in the
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acquisition and wireless transmissi
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a central base computer for sensor
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optimal light settings were in turn
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possibility of wireless actuator ne
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Chapter 2 Motivation The motivation
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[21]. Lighting accounts for 30% of
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Table 2-1 summarizes each of the co
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from light level tuning impossible
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used in the progress of this resear
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are expected to autonomously config
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office, and industrial applications
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Chapter 3 Related Research and Lite
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Although radio frequency is a suppo
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channels with different capabilitie
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In practice, fusion of sensor data
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The emergence of wireless sensor ne
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A is empty f A (x) = 0, x X (3.1)
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Convex combination: the relation Th
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where no crisp boundary can be defi
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developed by Dantzig [87]. The ineq
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sensor network is far more valuable
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Figure 4-1 Mote-FVF algorithm archi
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Figure 4-2 Gaussian correlation cur
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predicted reading. Note that the of
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fuzzification and m for the defuzz
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mote sensors were arranged in a 3-b
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Figure 4-6 Mote-FVF with median val
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Figure 4-8 Comparison of variations
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The daylighting system application
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The key components are the predicti
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Figure 5-3 Prediction performance o
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Figure 5-5 Prediction performance o
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Among them, adaptive Wiener filteri
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even though the sensed environment
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5.3 Simulation and Experiment Resul
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Figure 5-11 Adaptive sensing with d
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Figure 5-13 Damped adaptive sensing
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Chapter 6 Optimal Lighting Actuatio
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of the workplane level illuminance
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office with K luminaires, for examp
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E sub = e pq e rs e xy 1
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optimizer for a consistency check.
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Figure 6-4 Pseudo code of the light
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simulation was to show that the opt
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It is obvious from Figure 6-6 and F
Page 113 and 114: Chapter 7 Wireless-Enabled Lighting
Page 115 and 116: determined to be 0-2000 lux. Conseq
Page 117 and 118: discrete outputs from the motes spa
Page 119 and 120: actuation technologies, and additio
Page 122 and 123: Figure 7-8 Voltage divider. Since t
Page 124 and 125: Given the 256-level dimming capabil
Page 126 and 127: Figure 7-11 Prototyping Luminaire S
Page 128 and 129: to its simplicity. Although coded w
Page 130 and 131: The second experiment was executed
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 8 System Verification on Hu
Page 134 and 135: commercial system was randomized fo
Page 136 and 137: 8.2.1 Hardware Implementation in Sm
Page 138 and 139: eference point on the desktop was s
Page 140 and 141: commands were received. In addition
Page 142 and 143: were provided with three wireless p
Page 144 and 145: (a) Figure 8-6 Sensor placement of
Page 146 and 147: lower meter readings was that the m
Page 148 and 149: (2) Subtle and invisible shadows ma
Page 150 and 151: function keys are. The function key
Page 152 and 153: deliberately perturbed the lights d
Page 154 and 155: Table 8-2 Summary of the test on pr
Page 156 and 157: Current Level on the investigator
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 9 System Implementation and
Page 160 and 161: Figure 9-1 Floor plan of the small
Page 162 and 163: Figure 9-3 System operation diagram
Page 166 and 167: message is addressed. The destinati
Page 168 and 169: Both the actuation and the grouping
Page 170 and 171: The construction or updating of the
Page 172 and 173: determines if this message is for u
Page 174 and 175: Figure 9-12 Lighting preset setting
Page 176 and 177: Figure 9-13 Average hourly percent
Page 178 and 179: 9.4 Daylight Response The second ph
Page 180 and 181: Furthermore, the structure allows t
Page 182 and 183: Figure 9-16 Daylight harvesting tes
Page 184 and 185: Figure 9-18 Sensor readings in the
Page 186 and 187: then gradually dimmed. After reachi
Page 190 and 191: Seven-occupant case with simulated
Page 194 and 195: under significant daylight. Again,
Page 196 and 197: newly calculated light settings may
Page 198 and 199: Annual energy consumption = ( Numbe
Page 200 and 201: Figure 9-30 Energy savings vs. payb
Page 202 and 203: have partially contributed to the h
Page 204 and 205: $40 per unit and the system achieve
Page 206 and 207: performance of the current research
Page 208 and 209: sensors. The research in [14] prese
Page 210 and 211: Other than optimizing the energy co
Page 212 and 213: lighting configuration in the offic
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communications. The adaptive sensin
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integration of the research system
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will broaden the application to dif
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system could be reallocated to oper
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entities could be tremendously crit
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[7] J. A. Veitch and G. R. Newsham,
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[20] K. A. Karmel, High Performance
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[34] P. Levis, S. Madden, J. Polast
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International Workshop on Wireless
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[57] LonMark International, "Fact S
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[71] S. Sahni and X. Xu, "Algorithm
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Proceedings of the 1st Internationa
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[99] SPOT: Sensor Placement + Optim
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[113] Advance Transformer Technical
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A.2 Circuit Schematics of Photosens
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A.4 Circuit Schematics of the Secon
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Appendix B Human Subject Test B.1 C
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(a) Sensor placement of subject No.
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B.2 Comparison of System Performanc
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B.3 Summary of the Responses from t
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B.4 Human Subject Test Approval Let
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B.5 Human Subject Test Protocol Nar
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241
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245
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B.7 Human Subject Test Questionnair
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253
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B.8 Human Subject Test Interview Sc
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Luminaire surface depreciation: 1.0
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Table C-1 Daylight reception durati
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At the rate of 9.62 cents per kWh a
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