Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks for Lighting Energy ...

channels with different capabilities and reliabilities [64]. The sensor network and the
actuator network were implemented separately using distinct routing protocols and
addressing schemes, and are coordinated by a central server. The system in the case
study was mainly for manual user control, and energy issues were not explicitly
addressed. Users controlled the lights through ambient networks [65] that were
interfaced with the wireless sensor and actuator network by a gateway server.
Granderson developed a framework for a daylighting system using wireless
sensing and actuation that simultaneously minimizes energy consumption, balances
users’ diverse lighting preferences, and increases facilities managers’ satisfaction [66].
Her research targeted shared-space commercial office buildings, and it formulated
lighting control as a Bayesian decision-making problem using an influence diagram
[67], which hierarchically arranges the information necessary to affect personalized
lighting. This lighting control system assumed that lights in the same region are
identically controlled, and the resulting decision is a single optimal light setting for the
entire region.
In addition to office lighting applications, Park et al. designed and implemented
an intelligent lighting control system, called Illuminator, for entertainment and media
production [68]. High fidelity wireless light sensors were developed and implemented
to form a sensor network for collecting stage lighting information [69]. Professional
stage lighting systems were interfaced with the wireless sensor network to deliver the
desired lighting. Given a light setup and user constraints, the Illuminator system
recommends sensor deployment, characterizes the lights, and finds the best light
actuation profiles satisfying user constraints based on light characteristics and sensor
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