June 27, 2007 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH 121 und 749/l and 10 uninfected controls. CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells as wells as PDC were quantified using FACS analysis. Migration, activation, maturation, and endocytosis <strong>of</strong> PDC were determined by the expression <strong>of</strong> CCR7, CD80, CD83 and BDCA2 (=CD303) at baseline and 20 hours after PBMC stimulation using different ODNs. In addition, the induction <strong>of</strong> interferon (IFN)-alpha production was determined by ELISA. Results: The PDC counts in HIV-infected patients were significantly reduced compared to the control group (p=0.02). The expression <strong>of</strong> the marker for endocytosis (BDCA-2) was significantly downregulated in unstimulated PDC <strong>of</strong> HIV-infected patients (p=0.001). After stimulation, the other surface markers were upregulated to a similar extent in patients and controls. The three ODN classes were significantly different in their induction <strong>of</strong> IFN-alpha production (CpG-A > CpG-C > CpG-B), as were the different C-class ODNs (p
122 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH June 27, 2007 negative persons with an acute CMV infection (N=12). To evaluate CMV-specific immune response lymphocytes were isolated by standard procedures. Interferon-g, Interleukin-2, and Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-a production in lymphocytes following short time stimulation with specific antigens (CMV, PMA-Ionomycin as positive control, and negative control) were measured with intracellular cytokine staining and analysis by FACS. The analysis was done as percentage <strong>of</strong> CD4+ lymphocytes with specific cytokine-detection vs. those without. In HLA-A2 positive individuals a CMV-specific tetramer staining was performed additionally. Results: Absolute and relative CD4 count was not significant different between the untreated and treated groups. Significant Differences were seen for HIV positive individuals under antiretroviral treatment vs. no treatment for CMV-specific IFN- production in CD4+ lymphocytes (p < 0,05) but not for Interleukin-2 or Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-a. Also the ratio <strong>of</strong> Interleukin-2/ Interferon-g were significant different. In the longitudinal study all HIV positive individuals generated after initiation <strong>of</strong> antiretroviral treatment a significant higher percentage <strong>of</strong> Interferon-g producing cells than before treatment. In acute CMV infection in HIV negative persons the IL-2/Interferon-g ratio was significant lower compared with the other groups Conclusions: Not only the absolute CD4 cell count is rising during antiretroviral treatment, but also the specific qualitative immune response against recall antigens like CMV is improving as showed here by cytokine production and tetramer staining. F.9 (Poster) Sequence dependent activation <strong>of</strong> innate immune system by plasmid DNA in a TLR9 dependent and independent manner Kosovac D. 1 , Lütschg V. 1 , Wild J. 1 , Wagner R. 1 1 Universität Regensburg, Institut für Medizinsche Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Gentherapie, Regensburg, Germany Introduction: The main limitation <strong>of</strong> plasmid-based (pDNA) genetic vaccines is low efficiency in non-human and human primates requiring high amounts <strong>of</strong> pDNA to properly prime cellular and humoral immune responses. Herein, we tested the influence <strong>of</strong> vector backbone sequence modifications, mainly CpG-content, on the activation <strong>of</strong> innate immune system ex vivo in a murine splenocyte model and on human dendritic cells (DCs). Methods and results: Various pcDNA5/FRT (Ref; 100% CpG]) derived vector backgrounds (pDS [50,6% CpG], pDS110- [47,5% CpG]) were synthesised and analysed phenotypically and functionally on murine splenocytes and human plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs. In contrast to Ref and pDS110-, pDS-DNA induces the secretion <strong>of</strong> high amounts <strong>of</strong> IFNg and IL-6 after in vitro stimulation <strong>of</strong> naive mouse splenocytes as demonstrated by cytokine ELISA and ELISPOT analysis. Quantification <strong>of</strong> secreted cytokines indicated a strong Th1- but not Th2-polarisation by pDS-DNA. Elimination <strong>of</strong> five CpGs within the 110-region overlapping the prokaryotic origin <strong>of</strong> replication within pDS or translocation <strong>of</strong> the 110 bp fragment within the plasmid resulted in a significantly reduced stimulation <strong>of</strong> proinflammatory cytokines suggesting a strong influence <strong>of</strong> individual CpGs on induced immune responses in a position dependant manner. Whereas pDS-DNA stimulates splenocytes from wildtype mice to produce high amounts <strong>of</strong> IFNg and TNFa this effect was totally aborted in TLR9-/- mice. Additionally, ex vivo stimulations <strong>of</strong> human plasmacytoid dendritic cells with pDS- DNA resulted in secretion <strong>of</strong> high amounts <strong>of</strong> type I interferon (IFNa). Confirming the mouse data, deletion <strong>of</strong> the 110 bp fragment comprising 5 CpG residues (pDS110-) rendered this plasmid immunosilent with respect to the induction <strong>of</strong> IFNa. Summary: Concerted modification <strong>of</strong> CpG-amount <strong>of</strong> the commercial pcDNA5/FRT vector resulted in synthesis <strong>of</strong> the potent immunogenic DNA expression vector (pDS). Immunogenic properties <strong>of</strong> pDS, based on CpG content, will make a significant impact for a further rational development <strong>of</strong> DNA vaccines including HIV vaccine. F.10 (Poster) HIV-1 Vpr induces dysregulation <strong>of</strong> pDC-mediated IFN- release by NK cells Hong H. 1 , Bhatnagar N. 1 , Mönkemeyer M. 1 , Schmidt R.E. 1 , Heiken H. 1 1 Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinische Immunologie K14, Hannover, Germany Objective: Natural killer (NK) cells can lyse virus-infected cells or tumour cells without prior sensitization. In addition, they regulate T cell responses by early production <strong>of</strong> interferon-g (IFN-). Impairment <strong>of</strong> NK cell function in HIV-1 infected patients has been extensively studied. However, the exact mechanism <strong>of</strong> HIV-induced NK cell dysfunction is not yet clear. There has been an increasing interest in the interaction <strong>of</strong> NK cells with dendritic cells (DCs). Here we addressed the question whether HIV-1 Vpr is able to disturb the interplay between NK cells and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Methods: We sorted NK cells and pDCs from peripheral blood <strong>of</strong> healthy donors. Highly purified NK cells and pDCs were cocultured and pre-treated with HIV-1 synthetic Vpr before activation with CpG. NK phenotype was assessed by FACS analysis and function by standard 51Cr release assay and IFN- ELISA. Results: In accordance with previously published data, CpG stimulated pDCs were able to activate NK cells as determined by higher CD69 expression, increased cytolytic activity and robust IFN- release. HIV-1 Vpr did not impair pDC mediated upregulation <strong>of</strong> CD69 in NK cells and did not interfere with increased NK killing. However, Vpr substantially decreased pDC induced IFN- secretion. Conclusion: Vpr-mediated dysregulation <strong>of</strong> early IFN- production by NK cells could be <strong>of</strong> considerable importance in the pathogenesis <strong>of</strong> HIV infection and warrants further studies. F.11 (Poster) Comparison <strong>of</strong> effector functions, immune activation, proliferation and apoptosis <strong>of</strong> HIV-specific CD8 T cells in the chronic phase <strong>of</strong> infection Vollbrecht T. 1 , Brackmann H. 1 , Henrich N. 1 , Roling J. 1 , Bogner J. 1 , Goebel F.D. 1 , Walker B.D. 2 , Draenert R. 1 1Med. Poliklinik / LMU, München, Germany, 2Partners <strong>AIDS</strong> <strong>Research</strong> Center / Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, United States <strong>of</strong> America Background: CD8 T cell responses are thought to play a pivotal role in the control <strong>of</strong> acute HIV infection. In the chronic
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