Sorority Rituals - Reflections On Rites of ... - Mari Ann Callais

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consider students in the musical department eligible. They began to drop their exclusively musical emphasis by 1900 and are now clearly general (Johnson, 1972, pp. 59-60). An interesting situation occurred at the State Female Normal School, which is now called Longwood College, in Farmville, Virginia, where four groups were founded. These became known as the 'Farmville Four'. Two of these, Kappa Delta, 1897, and Zeta Tau Alpha, 1898, almost immediately became general fraternities. Sigma Sigma Sigma, 1898, and Alpha Sigma Alpha, 1901, on the other hand, placed their earlier chapters at normal schools, seminaries and other institutions offering less than the traditional four-year course and became known as education sororities. Alpha Sigma Tau, founded at Michigan State Normal School in 1899, also followed as an education-based sorority (Johnson, 1972, p. 61). In the early 1900s, groups more closely aligned with religious beliefs emerged. Many women, specifically of Jewish and Catholic faiths, were not allowed in some of the groups, so they formed sororities based on their religious beliefs. Theta Phi Alpha was founded as a fraternity for Catholic women at the University of Michigan in 1912. Others founded with a common bond in Judaism include Alpha Epsilon Phi, founded at Barnard College in 1909; Delta Phi Epsilon, New York University, 1917; Phi Sigma Sigma at Hunter College in 1913, and Sigma Delta Tau at Cornell University in 1917 (Johnson, 1972, p. 62). Other groups of women who were excluded in the early days were women of color. African American women founded their own organizations beginning in 1908, with the founding of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc., followed by Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. in 1913, Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc., 1920 and Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Inc., in 1922. These groups provided an "important source of leadership training for Black women, whose opportunities to exercise such skills in formal organizations are few" (Giddings, 1988, p. 16). These organizations 34
efer to themselves as "service" organizations, not "social" organizations because they view community service as their primary focus rather than one aspect of their focus. They also have a common umbrella organization of mutual participation, the National Pan-Hellenic Council. These groups are not members of NPC and, therefore, are not included in the study. Their founding and purpose are very different from the National Panhellenic Conference organizations and it would have been too difficult to compare and contrast for the purpose of this study. Although other sororities do exist, they are not included in this study. The National Panhellenic Conference The National Panhellenic Conference was organized in 1902 as a conference group (Johnson, 1972) that would give sororities a venue to discuss issues of mutual interest. The National Panhellenic Conference is the largest organization of women's fraternities in the world. The National Panhellenic Conference is organized of 26 National Sororities. The formal definitions is as follows as defined in the NPC Manual of Information, 13 th Edition, (1999): What is NPC? Purpose As the name implies, National Panhellenic is a Conference body. Its members are women's fraternities, each of which is autonomous as a social, Greek-letter society of college women, undergraduates and alumnae. National Panhellenic Conference is an organization established to foster interfraternity relationships, to assist collegiate chapters of the NPC member groups, and to cooperate with colleges and universities in maintaining the highest scholastic and social standards. 35
Page 1 and 2: SORORITY RITUALS: RITES OF PASSAGE
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful
Page 5 and 6: for teaching me that a group of peo
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ......
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, REC
Page 11 and 12: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Each year th
Page 13 and 14: The member groups of the National P
Page 15 and 16: hopes of the founders rather than t
Page 17 and 18: ceremony is complete, that person i
Page 19 and 20: 80,000 women join sororities. On mo
Page 21 and 22: issues, and topics …that formerly
Page 23 and 24: when do we use it? How do we use it
Page 25 and 26: the sorority experience has on the
Page 27 and 28: The lack of information concerning
Page 29 and 30: of the NPC member groups, and to co
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Thi
Page 33 and 34: Ritual Ceremonies and Symbolism in
Page 35 and 36: Robson writes further: In a world c
Page 37 and 38: strengthened by encountering differ
Page 39 and 40: student initiated and created to au
Page 41 and 42: Gradually, however, they took over
Page 43: Following the founding of Kappa Alp
Page 47 and 48: Alpha Xi Delta Fraternity Lombard C
Page 49 and 50: What Is Ritual? In order to explain
Page 51 and 52: theorist/researcher in the area of
Page 53 and 54: Ritual as a Rite of Passage Underst
Page 55 and 56: we are and giving meaning to us wit
Page 57 and 58: am I? Well, as I see it, I am a per
Page 59 and 60: Value Congruence Research conducted
Page 61 and 62: the majority of authors . . . have
Page 63 and 64: To better understand Gilligan’s F
Page 65 and 66: only women, all with varying opinio
Page 67 and 68: member transitions to a leader/role
Page 69 and 70: development. The isolation period a
Page 71 and 72: Gilligan’s point that sex differe
Page 73 and 74: undergraduate members. Understandin
Page 75 and 76: not an option. Actual observance of
Page 77 and 78: Role of the NPC Research Committee
Page 79 and 80: the chapters were part of large nat
Page 81 and 82: where I was able to travel based up
Page 83 and 84: a whole. I piloted the interview qu
Page 85 and 86: These categories were reflective of
Page 87 and 88: participated in my sorority ritual,
Page 89 and 90: sorority women was a cognitive asse
Page 91 and 92: In addition, only one participant w
Page 93 and 94: school. Sixteen (31%) sophomore par
Page 95 and 96:
itual among themselves outside of t
Page 97 and 98:
was founded in 1978. Their average
Page 99 and 100:
chapters ranging in size from 150 t
Page 101 and 102:
participants’ feelings about the
Page 103 and 104:
A few of the participants expressed
Page 105 and 106:
Several of the participants related
Page 107 and 108:
One of the participants explained w
Page 109 and 110:
During new member education, you le
Page 111 and 112:
Women’s Development within the So
Page 113 and 114:
Comments from several of the partic
Page 115 and 116:
When I first joined my sorority, I
Page 117 and 118:
the participants referred to other
Page 119 and 120:
I think that ritual has made me a b
Page 121 and 122:
The reasons that the participants g
Page 123 and 124:
This study included both private an
Page 125 and 126:
internal value system or they know
Page 127 and 128:
sorority women’s length of member
Page 129 and 130:
when an 18-year old woman joins a s
Page 131 and 132:
ehavior of sorority women, it must
Page 133 and 134:
* The level of responsibility and /
Page 135 and 136:
to evaluate sorority women and the
Page 137 and 138:
they are and what role ritual has i
Page 139 and 140:
numbers vary from chapter to chapte
Page 141 and 142:
that those ceremonies can bring to
Page 143 and 144:
Butler, E. R. (1990). Initiations r
Page 145 and 146:
Kuh, G. D., & Arnold, J. C. (1992).
Page 147 and 148:
Pennington, D., Zvonkovic, A. C., W
Page 149 and 150:
Taylor, S.E., Peplau, L.A., C Sears
Page 151 and 152:
APPENDIX A CONSENT FORM 141
Page 153 and 154:
APPENDIX B PROFILE QUESTIONS 143
Page 155 and 156:
APPENDIX C INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 145
Page 157 and 158:
general? What would you say that th
Page 159 and 160:
APPENDIX D (LETTER TO THE GREEK ADV
Page 161 and 162:
APPENDIX E NATIONAL PANHELLENIC CON
Page 163 and 164:
six months doing literature researc
Page 165 and 166:
common knowledge similarities--the
Page 167 and 168:
Correspondence II To: Shelia Barnes
Page 169 and 170:
I truly appreciate your guidance an
Page 171 and 172:
Application for Exemption from IRB
Page 173 and 174:
VITA Mari Ann Callais was born in 1
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