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PROGRAM PRIORITIZATION PANELS Panel on Electromagnetic Observations from Space ALAN DRESSLER, Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Chair MICHAEL BAY, Bay Engineering Innovations ALAN P. BOSS, Carnegie Institution of Washington MARK DEVLIN, University of Pennsylvania MEGAN DONAHUE, Michigan State University BRENNA FLAUGHER, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory TOM GREENE, NASA Ames Research Center PURAGRA (RAJA) GUHATHAKURTA, University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory MICHAEL G. HAUSER, Space Telescope Science Institute HAROLD MCALISTER, Georgia State University PETER F. MICHELSON, Stanford University BEN R. OPPENHEIMER, American Museum of Natural History FRITS PAERELS, Columbia University ADAM G. RIESS, Johns Hopkins University GEORGE H. RIEKE, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona PAUL L. SCHECHTER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology TODD TRIPP, University of Massachusetts at Amherst Panel on Optical and Infrared Astronomy from the Ground PATRICK S. OSMER, The Ohio State University, Chair MICHAEL SKRUTSKIE, University of Virginia, Vice Chair CHARLES BAILYN, Yale University BETSY BARTON, University of California, Irvine TODD A. BOROSON, National Optical Astronomy Observatory DANIEL EISENSTEIN, University of Arizona ANDREA M. GHEZ, University of California, Los Angeles J. TODD HOEKSEMA, Stanford University ROBERT P. KIRSHNER, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics BRUCE MACINTOSH, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory PIERO MADAU, University of California, Santa Cruz JOHN MONNIER, University of Michigan IAIN NEILL REID, Space Telescope Science Institute CHARLES E. WOODWARD, University of Minnesota Panel on Particle Astrophysics and Gravitation JACQUELINE N. HEWITT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chair ERIC G. ADELBERGER, University of Washington ANDREAS ALBRECHT, University of California, Davis ELENA APRILE, Columbia University JONATHAN ARONS, University of California, Berkeley BARRY C. BARISH, California Institute of Technology JOAN CENTRELLA, NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION viii
DOUGLAS FINKBEINER, Harvard University KATHY FLANAGAN, Space Telescope Science Institute GABRIELA GONZALEZ, Louisiana State University JAMES B. HARTLE, University of California, Santa Barbara STEVEN M. KAHN, Stanford University JEREMY N. KASDIN, Princeton University TERESA MONTARULI, University of Wisconsin–Madison ANGELA V. OLINTO, University of Chicago RENE A. ONG, University of California, Los Angeles HELEN R. QUINN, SLAC National Laboratory (retired) Panel on Radio, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Astronomy from the Ground NEAL J. EVANS, University of Texas, Chair JAMES M. MORAN, Harvard University, Vice Chair CRYSTAL BROGAN, National Radio Astronomy Observatory AARON S. EVANS, University of Virginia SARAH GIBSON, National Center for Atmospheric Research, High Altitude Observatory JASON GLENN, University of Colorado at Boulder NICKOLAY Y. GNEDIN, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory CORNELIA C. LANG, University of Iowa MAURA MCLAUGHLIN, West Virginia University MIGUEL MORALES, University of Washington LYMAN A. PAGE JR., Princeton University JEAN L. TURNER, University of California, Los Angeles DAVID J. WILNER, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Staff DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director, Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Astro2010 Study Director and Director, Space Studies Board (SSB) BRANT L. SPONBERG, Senior Program Officer, BPA (until December 2009) ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Program Officer, BPA BRIAN D. DEWHURST, Program Officer, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (until July 2009) JAMES C. LANCASTER, Program Officer, BPA CARMELA CHAMBERLAIN, Administrative Coordinator, SSB CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Research Associate, BPA LaVITA COATES-FOGLE, Senior Program Assistant, BPA (until October 2009) BETH DOLAN, Financial Associate, BPA PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION ix
Page 1: PREPUBLICATION COPY
Page 4 and 5: THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fi
Page 7 and 8: COMMITTEE FOR A DECADAL SURVEY OF A
Page 9: Panel on Stars and Stellar Evolutio
Page 13: SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHARLES F. KENN
Page 16 and 17: activities 2 that have emerged from
Page 18 and 19: In addition to the 27 panel meeting
Page 20 and 21: Acknowledgment of Reviewers This re
Page 22 and 23: The Accelerating Universe 2-26 The
Page 24 and 25: APPENDIXES A Summary of Science Fro
Page 26 and 27: light up the universe, marking the
Page 28 and 29: RECOMMENDED PROGRAM Maintaining a b
Page 30 and 31: TABLE ES.4 Space: Recommended Activ
Page 32 and 33: Cosmic Dawn: Searching for the Firs
Page 34 and 35: this imprint would both probe funda
Page 36 and 37: important outcome will be to open u
Page 38 and 39: estimated to be on the order of $20
Page 40 and 41: observatories. For NASA an annual b
Page 42 and 43: surveys of large fields, enabling s
Page 44 and 45: RECOMMENDATION: U.S. investors in a
Page 46 and 47: departments and the community as a
Page 48 and 49: dominate spending; (2) private-publ
Page 50 and 51: us was certainly evident during the
Page 52 and 53: BOX 2-1 Other Worlds Around Other S
Page 54 and 55: FIGURE 2‐2 The source 3C 75, show
Page 56 and 57: FIGURE 2‐3 Numerical simulation o
Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 2‐4 Left panel: Image of t
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FIGURE 2‐6 Top: Schematic of the
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Most stars with masses smaller than
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BOX 2-2 The Origin of Planets After
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send material raining into the cent
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BOX 2-4 Lifecycles in Galaxies One
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Stars Stars are the most observable
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ubiquitous high-energy charged-part
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The Nature of Inflation As describe
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FIGURE 2‐11 Pie chart showing the
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An important clue to the nature of
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Studying the properties of neutron
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FIGURE 2‐14 A possible pathway is
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partners and makes recommendations
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As astronomy research has blossomed
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are increasingly relevant. The Euro
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TABLE 3-1 Currently Operating OIR F
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29% 1990 44% US Priv US Fed Other E
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CONCLUSION: Complex and high-cost f
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Space Observatories The Laser Inter
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Physics Division (PHY); the Mathema
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4 Astronomy in Society Astronomy of
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FIGURE 4‐2 The dust sculptures of
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FIGURE 4‐5 President Obama takes
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Astronomy Inspires in the Classroom
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teaching the scientific method. The
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where the fraction of astronomers h
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Percentage of AAS Membership by Fie
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0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 PL SO IM AG SF IN S
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FIGURE 4‐12 Number (top panel) an
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Professional training needs to acco
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assistant and associate professor p
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fluctuating level of funding for as
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THEORY Emerging Trends in Theoretic
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Central to the Galaxies across Cosm
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TABLE 5‐2 Support for astrophysic
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would normally be for a five-year p
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FIGURE 5‐7 Highly cited HST publi
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y optical and radio astronomers are
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FIGURE 5‐8 Number of PhDs per yea
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ated by the Program Prioritization
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nulling interferometry. The appropr
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FIGURE 5‐9 The richness of the su
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RECOMMENDATION: NASA and NSF suppor
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FIGURE 6‐1. All sky map as observ
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FIGURE 6‐3 NASA mission cost over
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FIGURE 6‐5 Gemini North with Sout
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TOWARD FUTURE PROJECTS, MISSIONS, A
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3. Investment in new and upgraded i
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etween several competing elements i
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7 Realizing the Opportunities The p
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FIGURE 7.1 Survey time line showing
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SCIENCE OBJECTIVES FOR THE DECADE T
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Box 7.1 Implementing a Cosmic Dawn
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JWST, with its superb mid-infrared
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optical imaging of brighter galaxie
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Box 7.3 Implementing the Physics of
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FIGURE 7.2 Multiwavelength images o
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Recommendations for New Space Activ
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FIGURE 7.4 Science accomplishments
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significance of mergers in the buil
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independent advice committee review
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committee review. It could range be
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Laboratory Astrophysics As describe
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Recommendations for New Ground-Base
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Program for instrumentation and fac
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excel at high spectral and spatial
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The committee reviewed a technical
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FIGURE 7.10 ACTA would be, like the
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Advanced Technologies and Instrumen
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LISA as soon as possible subject to
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FIGURE 7.14 DOE recommended program
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A Summary of Science Frontiers Pane
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PLANETARY SYSTEMS AND STAR FORMATIO
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A preliminary recommended program w
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certified as independent work perfo
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penalty based on an assessment of s
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The results show excellent correlat
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$12 MILLION TO $40 MILLION RANGE CM
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decadal research strategy with reco
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CFP CHIPSat CIP CGRO CMB CMU CoBRA
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NRC NSB NSF NSF-AGS NSF-ARC NSF-AST
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