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The Accelerating Universe 2-26 The Nature of Dark Matter 2-27 The Nature of Neutrinos 2-30 The Nature of Compact Objects and Probes of Relativity 2-31 The Chemistry of the Universe 2-32 3 PARTNERSHIP IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS: COLLABORATION, COOPERATION, COORDINATION INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS 3-2 The Globalization of Astronomy 3-2 Managing International Collaboration 3-4 International Strategic Planning 3-5 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS 3-6 Ground-based Optical and Infrared Astronomy 3-6 Ground-Based Radio, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Astronomy 3-9 PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES 3-11 OIR and RMS on the Ground 3-12 Particle Astrophysics and Gravitation 3-13 Space Observatories 3-14 AGENCY PARTNERSHIPS AND INTERFACES 3-14 INTERAGENCY TACTICAL ADVICE 3-16 STEWARDSHIP OF THE DECADAL SURVEY 3-17 4 ASTRONOMY IN SOCIETY BENEFITS OF ASTRONOMY TO THE NATION 4-2 Astronomy Engages the Public in Science 4-2 Astronomy Improves Science Literacy and Proficiency 4-5 Astronomy Inspires in the Classroom and Beyond 4-7 Astronomy Serves as a Gateway to New Technology 4-7 Astronomy and the America Competes Act 4-8 Astronomy Addresses the Challenges of the 21st Century 4-9 Astronomers and Public Policy 4-10 ASTRONOMERS 4-10 Demography 4-10 Implications for Employment and Training 4-18 Underrepresented Minorities in Astronomy 4-19 Women in Astronomy 4-20 5 SUSTAINING THE CORE RESEARCH PROGRAM INDIVIDUAL INVESTIGATOR PROGRAMS 5-1 THEORY 5-4 Emerging Trends in Theoretical Research 5-4 Theoretical Challenges for the Next Decade 5-5 Individual Investigator Programs in Theory and Computation 5-8 The Rapid Rise of Astrophysical Computing 5-8 Research Networks in Theoretical and Computational Astrophysics 5-9 DATA AND SOFTWARE 5-10 Data Archives 5-10 Data Reduction and Analysis Software 5-13 MEDIUM-SCALE ACTIVITIES 5-14 Technical Workforce Development 5-14 PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION xx
NASA Explorer and Suborbital Programs 5-15 NSF Mid-Scale Innovation Program 5-16 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 5-18 NASA-Funded Space-Based Astrophysics Technology Development 5-18 NSF-Funded Ground-Based Astrophysics Technology Development 5-20 DOE-Funded Technology Development 5-21 LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS 5-21 The Scope and Needs of Laboratory Astrophysics 5-21 The Funding Challenge 5-23 6 PREPARING FOR TOMORROW OPERATING AND UPCOMING PROJECTS, MISSIONS, AND FACILITIES 6-1 Department of Energy 6-1 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 6-2 National Science Foundation 6-4 TOWARD FUTURE PROJECTS, MISSIONS, AND FACILITIES 6-8 Department of Energy 6-8 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 6-8 National Science Foundation 6-9 7 REALIZING THE OPPORTUNITIES PROCESS 7-1 Prioritization Criteria 7-1 Program Prioritization 7-1 Cost Risk and Technical Evaluation 7-2 Budgets 7-3 SCIENCE OBJECTIVES FOR THE DECADE 7-5 Cosmic Dawn: Searching for the First Stars, Galaxies, and Black Holes 7-5 New Worlds: Finding and Preparing to Characterize Nearby Planets Like Earth 7-7 The Physics of the Universe: Understanding Scientific Principles 7-10 THE LARGER SCIENCE PROGRAM 7-12 Discovery 7-13 Origins 7-14 Understanding the Cosmic Order 7-14 Frontiers of Knowledge 7-16 RECOMMENDED PROGRAM OF ACTIVITIES 7-16 Recommendations for New Space Activities⎯Large Projects 7-17 Recommendations for New Space Activities⎯Medium Projects 7-23 Recommendations for New Space Activities⎯Small Projects 7-25 Small Additions and Augmentations to NASA’s Core Research Programs 7-25 Recommendations for New Ground-Based Activities⎯Large Projects 7-29 Recommendations for New Ground-Based Activities⎯Medium Project 7-37 Small Additions and Augmentations to NSF’s Core Research Program 7-38 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGENCIES 7-39 NASA-Astrophysics 7-40 NSF-Astronomy 7-41 DOE-High Energy Physics 7-41 EPILOGUE 7-42 PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION xxi
Page 1: PREPUBLICATION COPY
Page 4 and 5: THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fi
Page 7 and 8: COMMITTEE FOR A DECADAL SURVEY OF A
Page 9 and 10: Panel on Stars and Stellar Evolutio
Page 11 and 12: DOUGLAS FINKBEINER, Harvard Univers
Page 13: SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHARLES F. KENN
Page 16 and 17: activities 2 that have emerged from
Page 18 and 19: In addition to the 27 panel meeting
Page 20 and 21: Acknowledgment of Reviewers This re
Page 24 and 25: APPENDIXES A Summary of Science Fro
Page 26 and 27: light up the universe, marking the
Page 28 and 29: RECOMMENDED PROGRAM Maintaining a b
Page 30 and 31: TABLE ES.4 Space: Recommended Activ
Page 32 and 33: Cosmic Dawn: Searching for the Firs
Page 34 and 35: this imprint would both probe funda
Page 36 and 37: important outcome will be to open u
Page 38 and 39: estimated to be on the order of $20
Page 40 and 41: observatories. For NASA an annual b
Page 42 and 43: surveys of large fields, enabling s
Page 44 and 45: RECOMMENDATION: U.S. investors in a
Page 46 and 47: departments and the community as a
Page 48 and 49: dominate spending; (2) private-publ
Page 50 and 51: us was certainly evident during the
Page 52 and 53: BOX 2-1 Other Worlds Around Other S
Page 54 and 55: FIGURE 2‐2 The source 3C 75, show
Page 56 and 57: FIGURE 2‐3 Numerical simulation o
Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 2‐4 Left panel: Image of t
Page 60 and 61: FIGURE 2‐6 Top: Schematic of the
Page 62 and 63: Most stars with masses smaller than
Page 64 and 65: BOX 2-2 The Origin of Planets After
Page 66 and 67: send material raining into the cent
Page 68 and 69: BOX 2-4 Lifecycles in Galaxies One
Page 70 and 71: Stars Stars are the most observable
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ubiquitous high-energy charged-part
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The Nature of Inflation As describe
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FIGURE 2‐11 Pie chart showing the
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An important clue to the nature of
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Studying the properties of neutron
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FIGURE 2‐14 A possible pathway is
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partners and makes recommendations
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As astronomy research has blossomed
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are increasingly relevant. The Euro
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TABLE 3-1 Currently Operating OIR F
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29% 1990 44% US Priv US Fed Other E
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CONCLUSION: Complex and high-cost f
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Space Observatories The Laser Inter
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Physics Division (PHY); the Mathema
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4 Astronomy in Society Astronomy of
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FIGURE 4‐2 The dust sculptures of
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FIGURE 4‐5 President Obama takes
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Astronomy Inspires in the Classroom
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teaching the scientific method. The
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where the fraction of astronomers h
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Percentage of AAS Membership by Fie
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0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 PL SO IM AG SF IN S
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FIGURE 4‐12 Number (top panel) an
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Professional training needs to acco
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assistant and associate professor p
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fluctuating level of funding for as
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THEORY Emerging Trends in Theoretic
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Central to the Galaxies across Cosm
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TABLE 5‐2 Support for astrophysic
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would normally be for a five-year p
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FIGURE 5‐7 Highly cited HST publi
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y optical and radio astronomers are
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FIGURE 5‐8 Number of PhDs per yea
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ated by the Program Prioritization
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nulling interferometry. The appropr
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FIGURE 5‐9 The richness of the su
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RECOMMENDATION: NASA and NSF suppor
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FIGURE 6‐1. All sky map as observ
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FIGURE 6‐3 NASA mission cost over
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FIGURE 6‐5 Gemini North with Sout
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TOWARD FUTURE PROJECTS, MISSIONS, A
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3. Investment in new and upgraded i
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etween several competing elements i
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7 Realizing the Opportunities The p
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FIGURE 7.1 Survey time line showing
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SCIENCE OBJECTIVES FOR THE DECADE T
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Box 7.1 Implementing a Cosmic Dawn
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JWST, with its superb mid-infrared
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optical imaging of brighter galaxie
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Box 7.3 Implementing the Physics of
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FIGURE 7.2 Multiwavelength images o
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Recommendations for New Space Activ
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FIGURE 7.4 Science accomplishments
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significance of mergers in the buil
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independent advice committee review
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committee review. It could range be
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Laboratory Astrophysics As describe
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Recommendations for New Ground-Base
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Program for instrumentation and fac
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excel at high spectral and spatial
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The committee reviewed a technical
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FIGURE 7.10 ACTA would be, like the
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Advanced Technologies and Instrumen
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LISA as soon as possible subject to
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FIGURE 7.14 DOE recommended program
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A Summary of Science Frontiers Pane
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PLANETARY SYSTEMS AND STAR FORMATIO
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A preliminary recommended program w
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certified as independent work perfo
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penalty based on an assessment of s
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The results show excellent correlat
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$12 MILLION TO $40 MILLION RANGE CM
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decadal research strategy with reco
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CFP CHIPSat CIP CGRO CMB CMU CoBRA
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NRC NSB NSF NSF-AGS NSF-ARC NSF-AST
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