prepublication copy - The Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

FIGURE 6‐3 NASA mission cost over time including future projections. NASA SMD/AD mission cost over time including future projections. Dots correspond to launch dates or expected start dates. Flagship missions are those that are not cost constrained at selection whereas intermediate and Explorer class missions are so designated by cost. National Science Foundation NSF-Astronomy (AST) supports five large facility suites. The ground-based optical/infrared telescopes operate from 0.3 to 20 micrometers and include facilities for both night-time astronomy and for day-time solar studies. The ground-based radio telescopes operate at sub-millimeter to centimeter wavelengths. For all of these facilities the observing time is competed, typically through bi-annual or triannual proposal processes. About $250M of the roughly $300M total astronomy and astrophysics expenditures flows through AST. The remainder is associated with NSF’s Divisions of Physics (including Particle and Nuclear Astrophysics), Atmospheric and Geospace Sciences, and the Office of Polar Programs. Substantial facility investments include LIGO and Icecube which may yield astronomical discoveries this decade. The AST-supported radio observatories have been judged as world-leading, both on the basis of their technical performance and from the desire exhibited by radio astronomers from all around the world to use them. Radio telescopes operated by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) include the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA), the Green Bank Telescope, and the Very Long Baseline Array PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 6-4
(VLBA) while the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) operates Arecibo observatories. These centimeter-wavelength facilities provide the highest resolution and largest collecting area instruments in the world. Funding for Arecibo ($8M per year) and for NRAO’s VLBA, both still unique Major US Public Ground– based Telescopes Arecibo [R] Blanco [O] CARMA [R] CSO [R] Dunn [S] GBT [R] Gemini N [O] Gemini S [O] GONG[S] IRTF [IR] (NASA) Keck [O/IR] (NASA) Mayall [O] McMath-Pierce [S] SOAR VERITAS[γ] EVLA [R] VLBA [R] WIYN facilities, is being ramped down following the recommendations of the 2006 NSF Astronomy Senior Review 4 so as to optimize the program and release funds for operating new facilities. The soon to be commissioned (in 2013) $1B Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) is an international collaboration involving partners in North America, Europe and East Asia, with Chile as the host country (see Figure 6-4). In addition to these nationally managed facilities, NSF-AST funds operations and development at the university-based CARMA, ATA, and CSO ($8M per year combined) and NSF-OPP funds SPT ($2.5M per year), which together at $10M can be compared to NRAO funding ($67M per year). The small facilities provide unique scientific capabilities, training, and technical development, particularly for millimeter and sub-millimeter observations. The AST-supported ground-based optical/infrared facilities include the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO)-operated optical telescopes at Kitt Peak in Arizona and Cerro Tololo in Chile that are 4-meters (Mayall and Blanco) or smaller in diameter and are aging in terms of infrastructure. They also include a half share with international partners United Kingdom, Canada, Chile, Australia, Brazil, Argentina in each of the 8-meter northern (Mauna Kea) and southern (Cerro Pachon) Gemini telescopes (Figure 6-5). The Blanco and Mayall telescopes are being refurbished, partly in connection with DOE-supported dark energy projects. The Gemini telescopes feature an operational laser guide star AO system at Gemini-North and there is the promise within a few years of multi-conjugate AO at Gemini-South to produce high-resolution images over a wide field of view. However, as discussed in the AST Senior Review and elsewhere, the Gemini FIGURE 6‐4 An artist conception of the ALMA array with roads, in the extended configuration. © ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO) 4 For a copy of the report see http://www.nsf.gov/mps/ast/seniorreview/sr-report.pdf. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 6-5
Page 1:
PREPUBLICATION COPY
Page 4 and 5:
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fi
Page 7 and 8:
COMMITTEE FOR A DECADAL SURVEY OF A
Page 9 and 10:
Panel on Stars and Stellar Evolutio
Page 11 and 12:
DOUGLAS FINKBEINER, Harvard Univers
Page 13:
SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHARLES F. KENN
Page 16 and 17:
activities 2 that have emerged from
Page 18 and 19:
In addition to the 27 panel meeting
Page 20 and 21:
Acknowledgment of Reviewers This re
Page 22 and 23:
The Accelerating Universe 2-26 The
Page 24 and 25:
APPENDIXES A Summary of Science Fro
Page 26 and 27:
light up the universe, marking the
Page 28 and 29:
RECOMMENDED PROGRAM Maintaining a b
Page 30 and 31:
TABLE ES.4 Space: Recommended Activ
Page 32 and 33:
Cosmic Dawn: Searching for the Firs
Page 34 and 35:
this imprint would both probe funda
Page 36 and 37:
important outcome will be to open u
Page 38 and 39:
estimated to be on the order of $20
Page 40 and 41:
observatories. For NASA an annual b
Page 42 and 43:
surveys of large fields, enabling s
Page 44 and 45:
RECOMMENDATION: U.S. investors in a
Page 46 and 47:
departments and the community as a
Page 48 and 49:
dominate spending; (2) private-publ
Page 50 and 51:
us was certainly evident during the
Page 52 and 53:
BOX 2-1 Other Worlds Around Other S
Page 54 and 55:
FIGURE 2‐2 The source 3C 75, show
Page 56 and 57:
FIGURE 2‐3 Numerical simulation o
Page 58 and 59:
FIGURE 2‐4 Left panel: Image of t
Page 60 and 61:
FIGURE 2‐6 Top: Schematic of the
Page 62 and 63:
Most stars with masses smaller than
Page 64 and 65:
BOX 2-2 The Origin of Planets After
Page 66 and 67:
send material raining into the cent
Page 68 and 69:
BOX 2-4 Lifecycles in Galaxies One
Page 70 and 71:
Stars Stars are the most observable
Page 72 and 73:
ubiquitous high-energy charged-part
Page 74 and 75:
The Nature of Inflation As describe
Page 76 and 77:
FIGURE 2‐11 Pie chart showing the
Page 78 and 79:
An important clue to the nature of
Page 80 and 81:
Studying the properties of neutron
Page 82 and 83:
FIGURE 2‐14 A possible pathway is
Page 84 and 85:
partners and makes recommendations
Page 86 and 87:
As astronomy research has blossomed
Page 88 and 89:
are increasingly relevant. The Euro
Page 90 and 91:
TABLE 3-1 Currently Operating OIR F
Page 92 and 93:
29% 1990 44% US Priv US Fed Other E
Page 94 and 95:
CONCLUSION: Complex and high-cost f
Page 96 and 97:
Space Observatories The Laser Inter
Page 98 and 99:
Physics Division (PHY); the Mathema
Page 101 and 102: 4 Astronomy in Society Astronomy of
Page 103 and 104: FIGURE 4‐2 The dust sculptures of
Page 105 and 106: FIGURE 4‐5 President Obama takes
Page 107 and 108: Astronomy Inspires in the Classroom
Page 109 and 110: teaching the scientific method. The
Page 111 and 112: where the fraction of astronomers h
Page 113 and 114: Percentage of AAS Membership by Fie
Page 115 and 116: 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 PL SO IM AG SF IN S
Page 117 and 118: FIGURE 4‐12 Number (top panel) an
Page 119 and 120: Professional training needs to acco
Page 121: assistant and associate professor p
Page 124 and 125: fluctuating level of funding for as
Page 126 and 127: THEORY Emerging Trends in Theoretic
Page 128 and 129: Central to the Galaxies across Cosm
Page 130 and 131: TABLE 5‐2 Support for astrophysic
Page 132 and 133: would normally be for a five-year p
Page 134 and 135: FIGURE 5‐7 Highly cited HST publi
Page 136 and 137: y optical and radio astronomers are
Page 138 and 139: FIGURE 5‐8 Number of PhDs per yea
Page 140 and 141: ated by the Program Prioritization
Page 142 and 143: nulling interferometry. The appropr
Page 144 and 145: FIGURE 5‐9 The richness of the su
Page 146 and 147: RECOMMENDATION: NASA and NSF suppor
Page 148 and 149: FIGURE 6‐1. All sky map as observ
Page 152 and 153: FIGURE 6‐5 Gemini North with Sout
Page 154 and 155: TOWARD FUTURE PROJECTS, MISSIONS, A
Page 156 and 157: 3. Investment in new and upgraded i
Page 158 and 159: etween several competing elements i
Page 161 and 162: 7 Realizing the Opportunities The p
Page 163 and 164: FIGURE 7.1 Survey time line showing
Page 165 and 166: SCIENCE OBJECTIVES FOR THE DECADE T
Page 167 and 168: Box 7.1 Implementing a Cosmic Dawn
Page 169 and 170: JWST, with its superb mid-infrared
Page 171 and 172: optical imaging of brighter galaxie
Page 173 and 174: Box 7.3 Implementing the Physics of
Page 175 and 176: FIGURE 7.2 Multiwavelength images o
Page 177 and 178: Recommendations for New Space Activ
Page 179 and 180: FIGURE 7.4 Science accomplishments
Page 181 and 182: significance of mergers in the buil
Page 183 and 184: independent advice committee review
Page 185 and 186: committee review. It could range be
Page 187 and 188: Laboratory Astrophysics As describe
Page 189 and 190: Recommendations for New Ground-Base
Page 191 and 192: Program for instrumentation and fac
Page 193 and 194: excel at high spectral and spatial
Page 195 and 196: The committee reviewed a technical
Page 197 and 198: FIGURE 7.10 ACTA would be, like the
Page 199 and 200: Advanced Technologies and Instrumen
Page 201 and 202:
LISA as soon as possible subject to
Page 203:
FIGURE 7.14 DOE recommended program
Page 207 and 208:
A Summary of Science Frontiers Pane
Page 209 and 210:
PLANETARY SYSTEMS AND STAR FORMATIO
Page 211 and 212:
A preliminary recommended program w
Page 213 and 214:
certified as independent work perfo
Page 215 and 216:
penalty based on an assessment of s
Page 217 and 218:
The results show excellent correlat
Page 219 and 220:
$12 MILLION TO $40 MILLION RANGE CM
Page 221 and 222:
decadal research strategy with reco
Page 223 and 224:
CFP CHIPSat CIP CGRO CMB CMU CoBRA
Page 225 and 226:
NRC NSB NSF NSF-AGS NSF-ARC NSF-AST
show all

prepublication copy - The Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?