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FIGURE 5‐7 Highly cited HST publication between 1997 and 2000. All 71 papers with more than 150 citations as of March 2009 are included in the sample. Note the y‐axis is logarithmic. Totally archival papers make up 37% of the sample. Courtesy of Richard L. White (Space Telescope Science Institute). Archives of either raw or processed data should contain complete calibration information, a data processing history and/or the software to process the data, and access to tools to analyze the data. The format should be Virtual Observatory-compliant where this is cost-effective. Astronomical librarians and data archivists should be involved in metadata design and curation. While NASA has an established policy whereby archiving and public access is required and costs are included in mission budgets, NSF has no consistent policy. Financial support made available under agency peer-review processes would enable existing observatories to implement such archives. DOE has a culture that supports modern data handling and prudent selection of which data to archive. It does not have a culture of public access but has adapted well to such practice in its collaborations with astrophysicists. RECOMMENDATION: Proposals for new major ground-based facilities and instruments with significant federal funding should be required as a matter of agency policy to include a plan and if necessary a budget for ensuring appropriate data acquisition, processing, archiving, and public access after a suitable proprietary period. To be practical and cost-effective, this requirement should be limited to data that are reasonably likely to be of interest to other users, for example large survey programs and other significant PI-led efforts in optical/infrared and radio astronomy. The committee further concludes that public funds could support public archiving of data from facilities that are fully funded from private sources, should such PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 5-12
support be proposed and highly reviewed. Proposals to NSF’s Astronomy and Astrophysics Grants program or to the ATI program could include support for the development of software tools related to data reduction and analysis, and archiving. Because data archives are so central to modern astronomy, it is a matter of concern that no model exists for long-term preservation (curation) of ground-based data once observing projects or facilities are no longer funded 10 . In order to realize the full benefit of ground-based data, especially from surveys, it is therefore necessary for NSF to adopt NASA’s model of long-lived data archive centers (like IPAC, MAST, HEASARC) and also the Canadian Astronomy Data Center (CADC) for long-term curation of data, with capabilities similar to what are available through existing successful archives. A coordinated inter-agency effort will be particularly important with the advent of the petabytescale surveys anticipated in the future. An example of an opportunity where there is a possible synergy in combining ground-based and space data is solar physics. The rapidly growing database from existing facilities including SDO presents an opportunity to combine complementary datasets in order to get a balanced view of the dynamic sun. This investment is likely to pay a large dividend when ATST come on line in 2017.The recent report “Long-Lived Digital Data Collections: Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century,” by the National Science Board, and the National Academies report “Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age,” recognized the growing importance of long-term curation, and the NSB report recommended that the NSF develop a global strategy to address it. The NSF Office of Cyberinfrastructure DataNet program (Sustainable Digital Data Preservation and Access Network Partners), which is partnering with research institutions to develop data preservation facilities of general utility to the research community and which includes participation by astronomers, is an important first step in the process. RECOMMENDATION: NSF, NASA, and DOE should plan for effective long-term curation of, and access to, large astronomical data sets after completion of the missions or projects that produced these data, given the likely future scientific benefit of the data. NASA currently supports widely used curated data archives, and similar data curation models could be adopted by NSF and DOE. The committee estimated the cost of achieving these data archiving goals on the basis of an informal survey of existing archives. Data gathered by the survey's infrastructure study groups indicates that adding a new survey similar to SDSS to the portfolio of an existing archive center would involve startup costs of about $0.4M (approximately $0.15M for personnel and $0.25M for hardware) and an annual operating budget of about $0.2M-$0.3M ($0.15M for personnel and the remainder for maintenance and upgrade). Starting a new archive from scratch would be significantly more expensive, so it would be particularly cost-effective for NSF and DOE to coordinate with NASA to use existing archive and data distribution centers. This would add the scientific advantage of having a core of resident astronomers, computer scientists, and technical support staff. 11 Supporting additional archiving and long-term curation for a few existing observatories and instruments would cost roughly $15M per decade. Numerical codes could also be curated. Data Reduction and Analysis Software Major instruments with wide public use on federally supported telescopes and facilities would benefit greatly from pipelines that deliver calibrated data and data products for storage in a public archive. General-purpose community analysis software packages like the IRAF and AIPS packages currently used 10 An exception is the 2MASS survey which resides within the InfraRed Science Archive at IPAC. 11 For a copy of this NRC report http://www.nap.edu/catalog.phprecord_id=11909. Accessed May 2010. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 5-13
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fi
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COMMITTEE FOR A DECADAL SURVEY OF A
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Panel on Stars and Stellar Evolutio
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DOUGLAS FINKBEINER, Harvard Univers
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SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHARLES F. KENN
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activities 2 that have emerged from
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In addition to the 27 panel meeting
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers This re
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The Accelerating Universe 2-26 The
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APPENDIXES A Summary of Science Fro
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light up the universe, marking the
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RECOMMENDED PROGRAM Maintaining a b
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TABLE ES.4 Space: Recommended Activ
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Cosmic Dawn: Searching for the Firs
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this imprint would both probe funda
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important outcome will be to open u
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estimated to be on the order of $20
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observatories. For NASA an annual b
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surveys of large fields, enabling s
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RECOMMENDATION: U.S. investors in a
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departments and the community as a
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dominate spending; (2) private-publ
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us was certainly evident during the
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BOX 2-1 Other Worlds Around Other S
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FIGURE 2‐2 The source 3C 75, show
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FIGURE 2‐3 Numerical simulation o
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FIGURE 2‐4 Left panel: Image of t
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FIGURE 2‐6 Top: Schematic of the
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Most stars with masses smaller than
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BOX 2-2 The Origin of Planets After
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send material raining into the cent
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BOX 2-4 Lifecycles in Galaxies One
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Stars Stars are the most observable
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ubiquitous high-energy charged-part
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The Nature of Inflation As describe
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FIGURE 2‐11 Pie chart showing the
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An important clue to the nature of
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Studying the properties of neutron
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FIGURE 2‐14 A possible pathway is
Page 84 and 85: partners and makes recommendations
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Page 88 and 89: are increasingly relevant. The Euro
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 3-1 Currently Operating OIR F
Page 92 and 93: 29% 1990 44% US Priv US Fed Other E
Page 94 and 95: CONCLUSION: Complex and high-cost f
Page 96 and 97: Space Observatories The Laser Inter
Page 98 and 99: Physics Division (PHY); the Mathema
Page 101 and 102: 4 Astronomy in Society Astronomy of
Page 103 and 104: FIGURE 4‐2 The dust sculptures of
Page 105 and 106: FIGURE 4‐5 President Obama takes
Page 107 and 108: Astronomy Inspires in the Classroom
Page 109 and 110: teaching the scientific method. The
Page 111 and 112: where the fraction of astronomers h
Page 113 and 114: Percentage of AAS Membership by Fie
Page 115 and 116: 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 PL SO IM AG SF IN S
Page 117 and 118: FIGURE 4‐12 Number (top panel) an
Page 119 and 120: Professional training needs to acco
Page 121: assistant and associate professor p
Page 124 and 125: fluctuating level of funding for as
Page 126 and 127: THEORY Emerging Trends in Theoretic
Page 128 and 129: Central to the Galaxies across Cosm
Page 130 and 131: TABLE 5‐2 Support for astrophysic
Page 132 and 133: would normally be for a five-year p
Page 136 and 137: y optical and radio astronomers are
Page 138 and 139: FIGURE 5‐8 Number of PhDs per yea
Page 140 and 141: ated by the Program Prioritization
Page 142 and 143: nulling interferometry. The appropr
Page 144 and 145: FIGURE 5‐9 The richness of the su
Page 146 and 147: RECOMMENDATION: NASA and NSF suppor
Page 148 and 149: FIGURE 6‐1. All sky map as observ
Page 150 and 151: FIGURE 6‐3 NASA mission cost over
Page 152 and 153: FIGURE 6‐5 Gemini North with Sout
Page 154 and 155: TOWARD FUTURE PROJECTS, MISSIONS, A
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Page 158 and 159: etween several competing elements i
Page 161 and 162: 7 Realizing the Opportunities The p
Page 163 and 164: FIGURE 7.1 Survey time line showing
Page 165 and 166: SCIENCE OBJECTIVES FOR THE DECADE T
Page 167 and 168: Box 7.1 Implementing a Cosmic Dawn
Page 169 and 170: JWST, with its superb mid-infrared
Page 171 and 172: optical imaging of brighter galaxie
Page 173 and 174: Box 7.3 Implementing the Physics of
Page 175 and 176: FIGURE 7.2 Multiwavelength images o
Page 177 and 178: Recommendations for New Space Activ
Page 179 and 180: FIGURE 7.4 Science accomplishments
Page 181 and 182: significance of mergers in the buil
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committee review. It could range be
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Laboratory Astrophysics As describe
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Recommendations for New Ground-Base
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Program for instrumentation and fac
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excel at high spectral and spatial
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The committee reviewed a technical
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FIGURE 7.10 ACTA would be, like the
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Advanced Technologies and Instrumen
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LISA as soon as possible subject to
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FIGURE 7.14 DOE recommended program
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A Summary of Science Frontiers Pane
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PLANETARY SYSTEMS AND STAR FORMATIO
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A preliminary recommended program w
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certified as independent work perfo
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penalty based on an assessment of s
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The results show excellent correlat
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$12 MILLION TO $40 MILLION RANGE CM
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decadal research strategy with reco
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CFP CHIPSat CIP CGRO CMB CMU CoBRA
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NRC NSB NSF NSF-AGS NSF-ARC NSF-AST
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