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29% 1990 44% US Priv US Fed Other Europe 20% 7% 2010 46% 39% US Priv US Fed Other Europe 9% 6% FIGURE 3‐2 Distribution of OIR telescope aperture around the world. Colors denote fraction of telescope primary mirror area held by U.S. private institutions (blue), U.S. federally funded national observatories (red), European‐run observatories (purple), and other foreign‐led observatories (green). The main change since 1990 has been a sharp decline in the share of telescope aperture available through U.S. public observatories. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 3-10
TABLE 3-2 Currently Operating RMS Facility Partnerships Non-Federal/ Public Observatory/ Facility Private Partners Partners Federal/ Public Partners ALMA International partners NSF through AUI Arecibo NSF (AST and AGS) and NASA through Cornell/NAIC ARO U Arizona and international universities ATA SETI Institute UC Berkeley CARMA Caltech, U Chicago UC Berkeley, U Illinois, U NSF Maryland CSO Caltech U Texas NSF EVLA, VLBA, GBT EVLA’s international NSF through partners AUI/NRAO LMT U Massachusetts and Mexico SMA Taiwan Smithsonian SPT U Chicago, CWRU UC Berkeley/Davis, U Illinois, Colorado, and international universities NSF/OPP, Smithsonian PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES Many of the Astro2010 community input papers described projects that involve significant partnership⎯between university groups, between non-federal and federal partners, between federal agencies, and involving international collaborations. Almost all of the proposed large-scale projects ranked most highly by the ASTRO-2010 PPP’s involve a significant international collaboration of one form or another. The committee notes in particular LISA (NASA plus ESA) and participation in an international Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope Array from the Particle Astrophysics and Gravitation panel (PAG); WFIRST and IXO (NASA plus ESA) from the Electromagnetic Observations from Space panel (EOS); CCAT (a U.S.-led project with international university partners) and HERA-II (a U.S.-led project but a pathfinder for the international HERA-III project, aka SKA-low in the post 2020 timeframe) from Radio, Millimeter, and Submillimeter from the Ground panel (RMS) which recommended a continuing U.S. role in the development of concepts for the international Square Kilometer Array (SKA)- mid and SKA-high components; GSMT (in either version, a privately-led project in the U.S. with significant or perhaps eventually even dominant international participation) and LSST (proposed as a private-public partnership) from Optical and Infrared from the Ground panel (OIR). Complex equipment is essential for progress in addressing the compelling scientific opportunities outlined in Chapter 2. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 3-11
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fi
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COMMITTEE FOR A DECADAL SURVEY OF A
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Panel on Stars and Stellar Evolutio
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DOUGLAS FINKBEINER, Harvard Univers
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SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHARLES F. KENN
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activities 2 that have emerged from
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In addition to the 27 panel meeting
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers This re
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The Accelerating Universe 2-26 The
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APPENDIXES A Summary of Science Fro
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light up the universe, marking the
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RECOMMENDED PROGRAM Maintaining a b
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TABLE ES.4 Space: Recommended Activ
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Cosmic Dawn: Searching for the Firs
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this imprint would both probe funda
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important outcome will be to open u
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estimated to be on the order of $20
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observatories. For NASA an annual b
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Page 52 and 53: BOX 2-1 Other Worlds Around Other S
Page 54 and 55: FIGURE 2‐2 The source 3C 75, show
Page 56 and 57: FIGURE 2‐3 Numerical simulation o
Page 58 and 59: FIGURE 2‐4 Left panel: Image of t
Page 60 and 61: FIGURE 2‐6 Top: Schematic of the
Page 62 and 63: Most stars with masses smaller than
Page 64 and 65: BOX 2-2 The Origin of Planets After
Page 66 and 67: send material raining into the cent
Page 68 and 69: BOX 2-4 Lifecycles in Galaxies One
Page 70 and 71: Stars Stars are the most observable
Page 72 and 73: ubiquitous high-energy charged-part
Page 74 and 75: The Nature of Inflation As describe
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Page 78 and 79: An important clue to the nature of
Page 80 and 81: Studying the properties of neutron
Page 82 and 83: FIGURE 2‐14 A possible pathway is
Page 84 and 85: partners and makes recommendations
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Page 88 and 89: are increasingly relevant. The Euro
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 3-1 Currently Operating OIR F
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Page 103 and 104: FIGURE 4‐2 The dust sculptures of
Page 105 and 106: FIGURE 4‐5 President Obama takes
Page 107 and 108: Astronomy Inspires in the Classroom
Page 109 and 110: teaching the scientific method. The
Page 111 and 112: where the fraction of astronomers h
Page 113 and 114: Percentage of AAS Membership by Fie
Page 115 and 116: 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 PL SO IM AG SF IN S
Page 117 and 118: FIGURE 4‐12 Number (top panel) an
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Page 121: assistant and associate professor p
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Page 126 and 127: THEORY Emerging Trends in Theoretic
Page 128 and 129: Central to the Galaxies across Cosm
Page 130 and 131: TABLE 5‐2 Support for astrophysic
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Page 134 and 135: FIGURE 5‐7 Highly cited HST publi
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Page 138 and 139: FIGURE 5‐8 Number of PhDs per yea
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nulling interferometry. The appropr
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FIGURE 5‐9 The richness of the su
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RECOMMENDATION: NASA and NSF suppor
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FIGURE 6‐1. All sky map as observ
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FIGURE 6‐3 NASA mission cost over
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FIGURE 6‐5 Gemini North with Sout
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TOWARD FUTURE PROJECTS, MISSIONS, A
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3. Investment in new and upgraded i
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etween several competing elements i
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7 Realizing the Opportunities The p
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FIGURE 7.1 Survey time line showing
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SCIENCE OBJECTIVES FOR THE DECADE T
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Box 7.1 Implementing a Cosmic Dawn
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JWST, with its superb mid-infrared
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optical imaging of brighter galaxie
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Box 7.3 Implementing the Physics of
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FIGURE 7.2 Multiwavelength images o
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Recommendations for New Space Activ
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FIGURE 7.4 Science accomplishments
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significance of mergers in the buil
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independent advice committee review
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committee review. It could range be
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Laboratory Astrophysics As describe
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Recommendations for New Ground-Base
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Program for instrumentation and fac
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excel at high spectral and spatial
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The committee reviewed a technical
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FIGURE 7.10 ACTA would be, like the
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Advanced Technologies and Instrumen
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LISA as soon as possible subject to
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FIGURE 7.14 DOE recommended program
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A Summary of Science Frontiers Pane
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PLANETARY SYSTEMS AND STAR FORMATIO
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A preliminary recommended program w
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certified as independent work perfo
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penalty based on an assessment of s
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The results show excellent correlat
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$12 MILLION TO $40 MILLION RANGE CM
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decadal research strategy with reco
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CFP CHIPSat CIP CGRO CMB CMU CoBRA
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NRC NSB NSF NSF-AGS NSF-ARC NSF-AST
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