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Central to the Galaxies across Cosmic Time panel are the following questions: How do galaxies form and result in the rich variety of phenomena that they exhibit How does intergalactic gas flow into galaxies and eventually form stars Does feedback from the massive black holes in the centers of galaxies (Figure 5-4) quench galaxy formation, and how is this process related to the high-velocity outflows of gas that are seen around galaxies, and the vast bubbles of hot gas found in clusters of galaxies What explains the number of stars in a galaxy What explains the sizes and chemical compositions of galaxies, and whether they form their stars early or late in the history of the universe As discussed below, analytic theory and computational modeling will take a central role in addressing these questions. Supernovae are the most energetic explosions in the universe since the Big Bang and the furnaces in which most of the chemical elements from which we are made are forged. These spectacular cosmic events are visible from halfway across the universe and provide some of the strongest evidence that the universe is accelerating. As pointed out by the committee’s Stars and Stellar Evolution panel, understanding why and how stars explode as supernovae demands three-dimensional computations similar to those used to study fuel efficiency in cars and the design of new rockets but in far more exotic and challenging conditions (Figure 5-5). Finally, understanding planet formation, an issue central to the committee’s Planet and Star Formation panel, is one of the most challenging tasks in astrophysics. A comprehensive theory of planet formation requires following the growth of dust grains in the protoplanetary disk into small rocky bodies, the growth of these bodies into planets, and the subsequent acquisition of oceans and atmospheres---a study spanning some 42 orders of magnitude in mass and a vast array of processes ranging from the sticking properties of dust grains, through the dynamics of bodies in shearing gas flows, to gravitational stability of planetary orbits on billion-year timescales. FIGURE 5‐3 Two views of dark matter distribution. (Credit: Edmund Bertschinger, MIT.) PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 5-6
FIGURE 5‐4 False‐color simulated image of the density of matter accreting from a spinning gas disk onto a black hole. The image shows a cross‐sectional cut through one side of the disk with the black hole is represented as a black semi‐circle on the left side. A striking feature is the large, chaotic fluctuations in the density caused by convective motions in the disk. (Credit: Jim Stone, Princeton University.) FIGURE 5‐5 Theoretically predicted chemical structure 100 seconds after the explosion of a massive Carbon/Oxygen white dwarf. The blue regions show intermediate mass elements (e.g. silicon, sulphur, calcium), green shows radioactively stable iron‐group elements, and red shows 56Ni, the isotope that powers the supernovae for the next few months. (CREDIT: Kasen et al., Nature 460, 869.) PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 5-7
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PREPUBLICATION COPY
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fi
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COMMITTEE FOR A DECADAL SURVEY OF A
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Panel on Stars and Stellar Evolutio
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DOUGLAS FINKBEINER, Harvard Univers
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SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHARLES F. KENN
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activities 2 that have emerged from
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In addition to the 27 panel meeting
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers This re
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The Accelerating Universe 2-26 The
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APPENDIXES A Summary of Science Fro
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light up the universe, marking the
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RECOMMENDED PROGRAM Maintaining a b
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TABLE ES.4 Space: Recommended Activ
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Cosmic Dawn: Searching for the Firs
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this imprint would both probe funda
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important outcome will be to open u
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estimated to be on the order of $20
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observatories. For NASA an annual b
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surveys of large fields, enabling s
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RECOMMENDATION: U.S. investors in a
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departments and the community as a
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dominate spending; (2) private-publ
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us was certainly evident during the
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BOX 2-1 Other Worlds Around Other S
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FIGURE 2‐2 The source 3C 75, show
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FIGURE 2‐3 Numerical simulation o
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FIGURE 2‐4 Left panel: Image of t
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FIGURE 2‐6 Top: Schematic of the
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Most stars with masses smaller than
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BOX 2-2 The Origin of Planets After
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send material raining into the cent
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BOX 2-4 Lifecycles in Galaxies One
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Stars Stars are the most observable
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ubiquitous high-energy charged-part
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The Nature of Inflation As describe
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FIGURE 2‐11 Pie chart showing the
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Page 92 and 93: 29% 1990 44% US Priv US Fed Other E
Page 94 and 95: CONCLUSION: Complex and high-cost f
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Page 101 and 102: 4 Astronomy in Society Astronomy of
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Page 105 and 106: FIGURE 4‐5 President Obama takes
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Page 109 and 110: teaching the scientific method. The
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Page 126 and 127: THEORY Emerging Trends in Theoretic
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Page 167 and 168: Box 7.1 Implementing a Cosmic Dawn
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FIGURE 7.4 Science accomplishments
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significance of mergers in the buil
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independent advice committee review
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committee review. It could range be
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Laboratory Astrophysics As describe
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Recommendations for New Ground-Base
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Program for instrumentation and fac
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excel at high spectral and spatial
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The committee reviewed a technical
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FIGURE 7.10 ACTA would be, like the
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Advanced Technologies and Instrumen
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LISA as soon as possible subject to
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FIGURE 7.14 DOE recommended program
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A Summary of Science Frontiers Pane
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PLANETARY SYSTEMS AND STAR FORMATIO
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A preliminary recommended program w
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certified as independent work perfo
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penalty based on an assessment of s
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The results show excellent correlat
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$12 MILLION TO $40 MILLION RANGE CM
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decadal research strategy with reco
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CFP CHIPSat CIP CGRO CMB CMU CoBRA
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NRC NSB NSF NSF-AGS NSF-ARC NSF-AST
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