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TABLE 4‐1 AAS Membership statistics for 1989, 1997, and 2009 Year 1989 1997 2009 Discipline Observational Radio 13.7 10.4 8.9% Observational IR 7.6 5.7 10.3% Observational Optical 36.5 34.6 44.3% Observational UV 5.0 6.5 2.6% Observational High Energy 5.6 8.7 11.6% Experimental Particles 1.1 1.3 1.3% Laboratory Astrophysics 2.2 2.2 0.1% Theory 23.8 23.9 16.7% Administration 1.7 3.5 0.4% Education and Public Outreach N/A N/A 2.5% Amateur or Historian 2.6 3.0 0.6% Aeronomy 0.3 0.4 0.5% Field Planetary and Solar System 15.0 11.6 9.5% Solar 10.3 10.7 4.6% Stellar 29.9 25.4 23.6% ISM + Galaxy 4.4 8.3 9.4% Galaxies + Cluster 10.7 12.2 19.3% Active Galactic Nuclei 10.5 7.5 7.0% Star and Planet Formation 6.3 5.7 5.3% Instrumentation 5.5 8.1 10.4% Cosmology 5.8 8.7 6.8% Fundamental Experimental 1.6 1.8 0.4% Location Research University 47.4 47.5 44.1% College 8.4 10.1 15.1% FFRDC 9.9 11.2 11.9% Government lab 18.8 19.8 22.2% Private observatory 3.8 2.7 2.8% Industry 8.0 6.0 3.0% Education / Public Outreach N/A N/A 0.4% Other 3.7 2.7 0.5% Note: Demographic statistics based on sampling approximately 20 percent of AAS full members in the given year. The 1989 and 1997 statistics of 714 and 599 full members are from the NRC’s FFAR (2000) report. The formal counting uncertainties are approximately 1—2%. For direct comparison to the FFAR methodology, the 2009 statistics were derived by selecting 800 full members of the AAS at random and matching their names against the FFAR literature search. Affiliation was identified either by the address provided in the AAS database, or by the affiliation listed on the most recent publication. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 4-12
Percentage of AAS Membership by Field 35 30 25 percentage 20 15 1989 1997 2009 10 5 0 Planetary and Solar System Solar Stellar ISM + Galaxy Galaxies + Cluster Active Galactic Nuclei Star and Planet Formation Instrumentation Cosmology Fundamental Experimental discipline Percent of AAS Membership by Discipline percent 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Observational Radio Observational IR Observational Optical Observational UV Observational High Energy Experimental Particles Laboratory Astrophysics Theory Administration Amateur or Historian Aeronomy Education and Public Outreach* discipline * Education and Public Outreach data in 1989 and 1997 was not available 1989 1997 2009 FIGURE 4‐8. Employment of astronomers for 1989, 1997, and 2009,by field (top) and discipline (bottom), designated by percent of AAS membership. Data Source: AAS. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 4-13
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fi
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COMMITTEE FOR A DECADAL SURVEY OF A
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Panel on Stars and Stellar Evolutio
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DOUGLAS FINKBEINER, Harvard Univers
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SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHARLES F. KENN
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activities 2 that have emerged from
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In addition to the 27 panel meeting
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers This re
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The Accelerating Universe 2-26 The
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APPENDIXES A Summary of Science Fro
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light up the universe, marking the
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RECOMMENDED PROGRAM Maintaining a b
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TABLE ES.4 Space: Recommended Activ
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Cosmic Dawn: Searching for the Firs
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this imprint would both probe funda
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important outcome will be to open u
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estimated to be on the order of $20
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observatories. For NASA an annual b
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surveys of large fields, enabling s
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RECOMMENDATION: U.S. investors in a
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departments and the community as a
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dominate spending; (2) private-publ
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us was certainly evident during the
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BOX 2-1 Other Worlds Around Other S
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FIGURE 2‐2 The source 3C 75, show
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FIGURE 2‐3 Numerical simulation o
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FIGURE 2‐4 Left panel: Image of t
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FIGURE 2‐6 Top: Schematic of the
Page 62 and 63: Most stars with masses smaller than
Page 64 and 65: BOX 2-2 The Origin of Planets After
Page 66 and 67: send material raining into the cent
Page 68 and 69: BOX 2-4 Lifecycles in Galaxies One
Page 70 and 71: Stars Stars are the most observable
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Page 74 and 75: The Nature of Inflation As describe
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Page 78 and 79: An important clue to the nature of
Page 80 and 81: Studying the properties of neutron
Page 82 and 83: FIGURE 2‐14 A possible pathway is
Page 84 and 85: partners and makes recommendations
Page 86 and 87: As astronomy research has blossomed
Page 88 and 89: are increasingly relevant. The Euro
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 3-1 Currently Operating OIR F
Page 92 and 93: 29% 1990 44% US Priv US Fed Other E
Page 94 and 95: CONCLUSION: Complex and high-cost f
Page 96 and 97: Space Observatories The Laser Inter
Page 98 and 99: Physics Division (PHY); the Mathema
Page 101 and 102: 4 Astronomy in Society Astronomy of
Page 103 and 104: FIGURE 4‐2 The dust sculptures of
Page 105 and 106: FIGURE 4‐5 President Obama takes
Page 107 and 108: Astronomy Inspires in the Classroom
Page 109 and 110: teaching the scientific method. The
Page 111: where the fraction of astronomers h
Page 115 and 116: 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 PL SO IM AG SF IN S
Page 117 and 118: FIGURE 4‐12 Number (top panel) an
Page 119 and 120: Professional training needs to acco
Page 121: assistant and associate professor p
Page 124 and 125: fluctuating level of funding for as
Page 126 and 127: THEORY Emerging Trends in Theoretic
Page 128 and 129: Central to the Galaxies across Cosm
Page 130 and 131: TABLE 5‐2 Support for astrophysic
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Page 134 and 135: FIGURE 5‐7 Highly cited HST publi
Page 136 and 137: y optical and radio astronomers are
Page 138 and 139: FIGURE 5‐8 Number of PhDs per yea
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Page 142 and 143: nulling interferometry. The appropr
Page 144 and 145: FIGURE 5‐9 The richness of the su
Page 146 and 147: RECOMMENDATION: NASA and NSF suppor
Page 148 and 149: FIGURE 6‐1. All sky map as observ
Page 150 and 151: FIGURE 6‐3 NASA mission cost over
Page 152 and 153: FIGURE 6‐5 Gemini North with Sout
Page 154 and 155: TOWARD FUTURE PROJECTS, MISSIONS, A
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Page 158 and 159: etween several competing elements i
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FIGURE 7.1 Survey time line showing
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SCIENCE OBJECTIVES FOR THE DECADE T
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Box 7.1 Implementing a Cosmic Dawn
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JWST, with its superb mid-infrared
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optical imaging of brighter galaxie
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Box 7.3 Implementing the Physics of
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FIGURE 7.2 Multiwavelength images o
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Recommendations for New Space Activ
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FIGURE 7.4 Science accomplishments
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significance of mergers in the buil
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independent advice committee review
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committee review. It could range be
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Laboratory Astrophysics As describe
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Recommendations for New Ground-Base
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Program for instrumentation and fac
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excel at high spectral and spatial
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The committee reviewed a technical
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FIGURE 7.10 ACTA would be, like the
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Advanced Technologies and Instrumen
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LISA as soon as possible subject to
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FIGURE 7.14 DOE recommended program
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A Summary of Science Frontiers Pane
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PLANETARY SYSTEMS AND STAR FORMATIO
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A preliminary recommended program w
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certified as independent work perfo
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penalty based on an assessment of s
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The results show excellent correlat
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$12 MILLION TO $40 MILLION RANGE CM
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decadal research strategy with reco
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CFP CHIPSat CIP CGRO CMB CMU CoBRA
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NRC NSB NSF NSF-AGS NSF-ARC NSF-AST
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