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FIGURE 2‐11 Pie chart showing the current composition of the universe; “normal” (baryonic) matter is less than 5% of the total. PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 2-28
FIGURE 2‐12 Upper: Observations of a gravitational lens discovered by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and re‐observed using the Hubble Space Telescope. Light from a distant blue galaxy (upper right, top) is deflected by the gravitational field of an intervening elliptical galaxy (upper right, center) to give an image in the form of a nearly complete "Einstein ring" (upper right, lower). By analyzing the combined image (upper left) it is possible to learn about the distribution of dark and luminous matter in the elliptical galaxy as well as create a magnified image of the background source galaxy. Credit: Image credit: X‐ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.; Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al. Credit: X‐ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/M.Markevitch et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al.; Lensing Map: NASA/STScI; ESO WFI; Magellan/U.Arizona/D.Clowe et al. Center: The inferred dark matter distribution in the interacting galaxy cluster 1E 0657‐56 is shown in blue, compared to the measured hot x‐ray emitting cluster gas in red and the visible light from individual galaxies in the optical image. In this classic example, the dark matter mass dominates the radiating, baryonic mass. Lower: THINGS survey, undertaken at the NRAO’s Very‐Large Array (VLA), of atomic hydrogen in nearby spiral galaxies, showing complex and extended gas distributions. Credit: NRAO/AUI and Fabian Walter, E. Brinks, E. de Blok, F. Bigiel, PREPUBLICATION M. Thornley, and R. COPY—SUBJECT Kennicutt. TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION 2-29
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PREPUBLICATION COPY
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fi
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COMMITTEE FOR A DECADAL SURVEY OF A
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Panel on Stars and Stellar Evolutio
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DOUGLAS FINKBEINER, Harvard Univers
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SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHARLES F. KENN
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activities 2 that have emerged from
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In addition to the 27 panel meeting
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers This re
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The Accelerating Universe 2-26 The
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APPENDIXES A Summary of Science Fro
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THEORY Emerging Trends in Theoretic
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Central to the Galaxies across Cosm
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TABLE 5‐2 Support for astrophysic
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would normally be for a five-year p
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FIGURE 5‐7 Highly cited HST publi
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y optical and radio astronomers are
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FIGURE 5‐8 Number of PhDs per yea
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ated by the Program Prioritization
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nulling interferometry. The appropr
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FIGURE 5‐9 The richness of the su
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RECOMMENDATION: NASA and NSF suppor
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FIGURE 6‐1. All sky map as observ
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FIGURE 6‐3 NASA mission cost over
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FIGURE 6‐5 Gemini North with Sout
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TOWARD FUTURE PROJECTS, MISSIONS, A
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3. Investment in new and upgraded i
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etween several competing elements i
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7 Realizing the Opportunities The p
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FIGURE 7.1 Survey time line showing
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SCIENCE OBJECTIVES FOR THE DECADE T
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Box 7.1 Implementing a Cosmic Dawn
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JWST, with its superb mid-infrared
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optical imaging of brighter galaxie
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Box 7.3 Implementing the Physics of
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FIGURE 7.2 Multiwavelength images o
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Recommendations for New Space Activ
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FIGURE 7.4 Science accomplishments
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significance of mergers in the buil
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independent advice committee review
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committee review. It could range be
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Laboratory Astrophysics As describe
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Recommendations for New Ground-Base
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Program for instrumentation and fac
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excel at high spectral and spatial
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The committee reviewed a technical
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FIGURE 7.10 ACTA would be, like the
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Advanced Technologies and Instrumen
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LISA as soon as possible subject to
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FIGURE 7.14 DOE recommended program
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A Summary of Science Frontiers Pane
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PLANETARY SYSTEMS AND STAR FORMATIO
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A preliminary recommended program w
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certified as independent work perfo
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penalty based on an assessment of s
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The results show excellent correlat
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$12 MILLION TO $40 MILLION RANGE CM
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decadal research strategy with reco
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CFP CHIPSat CIP CGRO CMB CMU CoBRA
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NRC NSB NSF NSF-AGS NSF-ARC NSF-AST
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