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• Panel on Stars and Stellar Evolution (SSE). The SSE scope encompassed stars and stellar evolution, including the Sun as a star, stellar astrophysics, the structure and evolution of single and multiple stars, compact objects, supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, solar neutrinos, and extreme physics on stellar scales. Table A.1 shows the final science questions and areas of discovery potential as described in the SFP reports. TABLE A‐1 Summary of SFP Findings SCIENCE FRONTIER PANEL SCIENCE QUESTIONS AREA(S) OF UNUSUAL DISCOVERY POTENTIAL COSMOLOGY AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS HOW DID THE UNIVERSE BEGIN WHY IS THE UNIVERSE ACCELERATING WHAT IS DARK MATTER WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF NEUTRINOS GRAVITATIONAL WAVE ASTRONOMY GALACTIC NEIGHBORHOOD GALAXIES ACROSS COSMIC TIME WHAT ARE THE FLOWS OF MATTER AND ENERGY IN THE CIRCUMGALACTIC MEDIUM WHAT CONTROLS THE MASS‐ENERGY‐ CHEMICAL CYCLES WITHIN GALAXIES WHAT IS THE FOSSIL RECORD OF GALAXY ASSEMBLY FROM THE FIRST STARS TO THE PRESENT WHAT ARE THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN DARK AND LUMINOUS MATTER HOW DO COSMIC STRUCTURES FORM AND EVOLVE HOW DO BARYONS CYCLE IN AND OUT OF GALAXIES, AND WHAT DO THEY DO WHILE THEY ARE THERE HOW DO BLACK HOLES GROW, RADIATE, AND INFLUENCE THEIR SURROUNDINGS WHAT WERE THE FIRST OBJECTS TO LIGHT UP THE UNIVERSE AND WHEN DID THEY DO IT TIME‐DOMAIN ASTRONOMY ASTROMETRY THE EPOCH OF REIONIZATION PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION A-2
PLANETARY SYSTEMS AND STAR FORMATION STARS AND STELLAR EVOLUTION HOW DO STARS FORM HOW DO CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS EVOLVE AND FORM PLANETARY SYSTEMS HOW DIVERSE ARE PLANETARY SYSTEMS DO HABITABLE WORLDS EXIST AROUND OTHER STARS, AND CAN WE IDENTIFY THE TELLTALE SIGNS OF LIFE ON AN EXOPLANET HOW DO ROTATION AND MAGNETIC FIELDS AFFECT STARS WHAT ARE THE PROGENITORS OF TYPE IA SUPERNOVAS AND HOW DO THEY EXPLODE HOW DO THE LIVES OF MASSIVE STARS END WHAT CONTROLS THE MASS, RADIUS, AND SPIN OF COMPACT STELLAR REMNANTS IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NEARBY HABITABLE EXOPLANETS TIME‐DOMAIN ASTRONOMY PREPUBLICATION COPY—SUBJECT TO FURTHER EDITORIAL CORRECTION A-3
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PREPUBLICATION COPY
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fi
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COMMITTEE FOR A DECADAL SURVEY OF A
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Panel on Stars and Stellar Evolutio
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DOUGLAS FINKBEINER, Harvard Univers
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SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHARLES F. KENN
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activities 2 that have emerged from
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In addition to the 27 panel meeting
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers This re
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The Accelerating Universe 2-26 The
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APPENDIXES A Summary of Science Fro
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light up the universe, marking the
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RECOMMENDED PROGRAM Maintaining a b
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TABLE ES.4 Space: Recommended Activ
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Cosmic Dawn: Searching for the Firs
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this imprint would both probe funda
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important outcome will be to open u
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estimated to be on the order of $20
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observatories. For NASA an annual b
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surveys of large fields, enabling s
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RECOMMENDATION: U.S. investors in a
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departments and the community as a
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dominate spending; (2) private-publ
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us was certainly evident during the
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BOX 2-1 Other Worlds Around Other S
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FIGURE 2‐2 The source 3C 75, show
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FIGURE 2‐3 Numerical simulation o
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FIGURE 2‐4 Left panel: Image of t
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FIGURE 2‐6 Top: Schematic of the
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Most stars with masses smaller than
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BOX 2-2 The Origin of Planets After
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send material raining into the cent
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BOX 2-4 Lifecycles in Galaxies One
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Stars Stars are the most observable
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ubiquitous high-energy charged-part
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The Nature of Inflation As describe
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FIGURE 2‐11 Pie chart showing the
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An important clue to the nature of
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Studying the properties of neutron
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FIGURE 2‐14 A possible pathway is
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partners and makes recommendations
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As astronomy research has blossomed
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are increasingly relevant. The Euro
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TABLE 3-1 Currently Operating OIR F
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29% 1990 44% US Priv US Fed Other E
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CONCLUSION: Complex and high-cost f
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Space Observatories The Laser Inter
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Physics Division (PHY); the Mathema
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4 Astronomy in Society Astronomy of
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FIGURE 4‐2 The dust sculptures of
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FIGURE 4‐5 President Obama takes
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Astronomy Inspires in the Classroom
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teaching the scientific method. The
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where the fraction of astronomers h
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Percentage of AAS Membership by Fie
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0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 PL SO IM AG SF IN S
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FIGURE 4‐12 Number (top panel) an
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Professional training needs to acco
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assistant and associate professor p
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fluctuating level of funding for as
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THEORY Emerging Trends in Theoretic
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Central to the Galaxies across Cosm
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TABLE 5‐2 Support for astrophysic
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would normally be for a five-year p
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FIGURE 5‐7 Highly cited HST publi
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y optical and radio astronomers are
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FIGURE 5‐8 Number of PhDs per yea
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ated by the Program Prioritization
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nulling interferometry. The appropr
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FIGURE 5‐9 The richness of the su
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RECOMMENDATION: NASA and NSF suppor
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FIGURE 6‐1. All sky map as observ
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FIGURE 6‐3 NASA mission cost over
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FIGURE 6‐5 Gemini North with Sout
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TOWARD FUTURE PROJECTS, MISSIONS, A
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3. Investment in new and upgraded i
Page 158 and 159: etween several competing elements i
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Page 163 and 164: FIGURE 7.1 Survey time line showing
Page 165 and 166: SCIENCE OBJECTIVES FOR THE DECADE T
Page 167 and 168: Box 7.1 Implementing a Cosmic Dawn
Page 169 and 170: JWST, with its superb mid-infrared
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Page 173 and 174: Box 7.3 Implementing the Physics of
Page 175 and 176: FIGURE 7.2 Multiwavelength images o
Page 177 and 178: Recommendations for New Space Activ
Page 179 and 180: FIGURE 7.4 Science accomplishments
Page 181 and 182: significance of mergers in the buil
Page 183 and 184: independent advice committee review
Page 185 and 186: committee review. It could range be
Page 187 and 188: Laboratory Astrophysics As describe
Page 189 and 190: Recommendations for New Ground-Base
Page 191 and 192: Program for instrumentation and fac
Page 193 and 194: excel at high spectral and spatial
Page 195 and 196: The committee reviewed a technical
Page 197 and 198: FIGURE 7.10 ACTA would be, like the
Page 199 and 200: Advanced Technologies and Instrumen
Page 201 and 202: LISA as soon as possible subject to
Page 203: FIGURE 7.14 DOE recommended program
Page 207: A Summary of Science Frontiers Pane
Page 211 and 212: A preliminary recommended program w
Page 213 and 214: certified as independent work perfo
Page 215 and 216: penalty based on an assessment of s
Page 217 and 218: The results show excellent correlat
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Page 221 and 222: decadal research strategy with reco
Page 223 and 224: CFP CHIPSat CIP CGRO CMB CMU CoBRA
Page 225 and 226: NRC NSB NSF NSF-AGS NSF-ARC NSF-AST
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