Human Settlements Review - Parliamentary Monitoring Group

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Human Settlements Review, Volume 1, Number 1, 2010 4.1 Background of the case study A study was undertaken in Kuyasa to assist in establishing the baselines for three technological interventions in low cost housing units and; to define and determine anticipated consumption levels of energy services by low income households in Kuyasa. Type II. E. Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for buildings, paragraph 66 of Appendix B of Simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected smallscale CDM project activity, states: “The energy baseline consists of the energy use of the existing equipment that is replaced in the case of retrofit measures ….” This baseline methodology does not expressly take into account suppressed demand and we will discuss how it can be interpreted to do so. These households were be retrofitted with renewable and energy efficient technologies which include energy efficient lighting, solar water heating and improved thermal performance as part of a small-scale CDM project activity. These interventions all fit within the small-scale project activity size limit under the typologies of the registered small-scale methodologies, AMSIC, AMSIIC and AMSIIE. The approach is readily being translated into regular size bottom-up methodologies, currently under development, in solar water heating and thermal performance improvements, applicable to programmes of activities. Baseline methodologies for these project activities have been described in the UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale CDM project activities, Paragraph 27, generically as “The baseline for a CDM project activity is the scenario that reasonably represents the anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases that would occur in the absence of the proposed project activity”. 4.2 Thermal Performance Baseline Development In this case study, a sample of 10 households chosen by the community has been the basis for the baseline study and to create early profiling of the technologies. The sample was selected based on the preferences of the local community and the\need for the energy; and not selected with reference to energy service stratifications therefore it is not necessarily statistically relevant to all households in Kuyasa for any specific energy services, in fact if anything, the sample was selected on the basis of need. The sample comprises households populated by elderly people, those with disabilities and households operating part-time crèches. These low cost housing units are 30m2 in size and have neither ceilings nor fixed water heaters. Lighting is provided by incandescent bulbs. Energy service benchmarks such as thermal comfort and warm water on demand are not met. During the project pilot, outside lighting has been added, on request of the household, extending the household security through lighting service. Currently, a primary research-based study is being conducted on the thermal performance component, and this is described below. A parallel approach to water heating using solar 1 The requirement of a statistically relevant sample was not required as the baseline study was principally required to provide information that referred to the thermal performance of the structures, which were identical in size, shape and materials. The characteristics of each house (e.g. orientation, heating loads, occupancy etc.) were gathered and inserted into the predictive tool for calibration purposes. 222
Human Settlements Review, Volume 1, Number 1, 2010 water heaters considered how to deal with the shift from batch heating of water in pots to a situation of hot water on demand. The insulated ceiling baseline study has been divided into two, i.e. technical and behavioural/ anthropological components. The technical monitoring involved data loggers recording all electricity flows (for a range of heating circuits), indoor and outdoor temperatures, hot and cold water flows and temperatures (for solar water heater installations) and solar radiation. Prior evaluation of housing materials and orientation were undertaken at the outset. Other fuels and appliances were recorded by the behaviour/anthropology research team, who used questionnaires, workshops, and direct interviews with household members (undertaken by energy anthropologists) during data downloading to identify reasons for temperature, electricity and water consumption “spikes”). As a background to these technical and behavioural studies, the economic trends in the living standard measure (LSM) that most closely approximates the Kuyasa inhabitants has been undertaken. It has concluded that this segment of the South African population is increasing the consumption of goods and services, including the future installation of electric hot-water storage geysers. based on non-sleeping occupancy (which is conservative) and existing non-space heating loads and to understand when thermal comfort for the residents is reached temperaturewise by observing space heating behaviour. The outcome of this investigation concluded, based on empirical data, that 21oC was the point where thermal comfort was reached and as predicted by bioclimatic charts. As a conservative assumption, the heating season has been limited to the coldest 4 months of the year, May, June, July August (Appendix 1). The first part of the energy use monitoring has been to set up a thermal performance theoretical model to estimate the energy performance of houses with ceiling and ceiling insulation (project activity) and the energy performance of houses without ceilings and ceiling insulation (baseline). The predictive tool has employed empirical data to establish seasonal and diurnal heating requirement 223
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