India: Effects of Tariffs and Nontariff Measures on U.S. ... - USITC

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Tiwari, Shri Rajendra Kumar. “Post-Harvest Management <strong>and</strong> Marketing.” Presentation to the National Conference on Agriculture, for the Kharif Campaign, 2009. Tritah, Ahmed. “The Public Distribution System in <strong>India</strong>: Counting the Poor from Making the Poor Count.” GREMAQ, Université des Sciences Sociales, Toulouse, France, July 7, 2003. http://www.uib.es/congres/econschool/papers/tritah.pdf. U.S.-<strong>India</strong> Business Council (USIBC). Written submission to the U.S. International Trade Commission in connection with inv. no. 332-504, <strong>India</strong>: <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tariffs</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Nontariff</strong> <strong>Measures</strong> on U.S. Agricultural Exports, June 26, 2009. U.S. Meat Exporters’ Federation (USMEF). “<strong>India</strong>’s Pork Market: Opportunities for the U.S. Pork Industry.” March 2007. World Bank. World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008. ———. Energy <strong>and</strong> Infrastructure Operations Division. South Asia Regional Office. <strong>India</strong>: Road Transport Service Efficiency Study, November 1, 2005. ———. South Asia Sustainable Development Unit. Rural Roads: A Lifeline for Villages in <strong>India</strong>. New Delhi: World Bank, November 2007. 7-22
CHAPTER 8 Foreign Direct Investment in <strong>India</strong>n Agricultural <strong>and</strong> Food-Related Industries Overview U.S. firms have become active participants in <strong>India</strong>’s food <strong>and</strong> agriculture sector. Normally, they do not engage directly in agricultural production: under <strong>India</strong>n government regulations, foreign firms <strong>and</strong> individuals are not permitted to own agricultural l<strong>and</strong> in <strong>India</strong> directly, with a few exceptions as detailed below. However, they have found many other opportunities through investing in the broader food sector. The majority <strong>of</strong> U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) is in food <strong>and</strong> beverage processing, alcoholic beverages, <strong>and</strong> quick-service restaurants. U.S. companies focus on those segments <strong>of</strong> the market because those industries <strong>of</strong>fer the most lucrative opportunities, not because they face particular regulatory or non-regulatory obstacles to FDI in other parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>’s food <strong>and</strong> agriculture sector. Other than the alcoholic beverages distribution <strong>and</strong> retail sectors, industry representatives did not report significant regulatory barriers to U.S. investment. Because foreign firms do not engage for the most part in direct agricultural production, they obtain their agricultural inputs through imports, local commodity markets, or contract farming operations. U.S. firms report that, in areas open to foreign investment, the <strong>India</strong>n government encourages them to establish operations, <strong>and</strong> they generally have not experienced market access or national treatment barriers. Many U.S. firms prefer to operate in <strong>India</strong> through joint ventures rather than wholly owned affiliates, since local partners can be particularly important in helping U.S. firms navigate their way through central <strong>and</strong> state government bureaucracies <strong>and</strong> the intricacies <strong>of</strong> local business customs. U.S. food industry firms must weigh a number <strong>of</strong> business environment factors when deciding whether or not to invest in the sector. Investment incentives include (1) U.S. companies’ keen interest in accessing <strong>India</strong>’s large <strong>and</strong> growing consumer market; (2) the need for a local presence to underst<strong>and</strong> how best to adapt products to local needs <strong>and</strong> requirements; (3) high tariffs <strong>and</strong> nontariff measures (NTMs) in <strong>India</strong> that encourage entry into the market through investment rather than U.S. exports; <strong>and</strong> (4) policy incentives, such as tax rebates linked to Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Disincentives include regulations that ban FDI in most farming activities; occasionally difficult relations with joint venture partners; complex licensing <strong>and</strong> regulatory systems; a disjointed national market in which it is difficult to achieve economies <strong>of</strong> scale because <strong>of</strong> logistical constraints <strong>and</strong> differing state regulations; <strong>and</strong> changing agricultural marketing regulations for many commodities, primarily related to the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Act <strong>and</strong> the Essential Commodities Act (ECA). 8-1
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United States International Trade C
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U.S. International Trade Commission
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Abstract This report describes <str
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TABLE ES.1 India:
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U.S. agricultural products face str
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U.S. Foreign Direct Investment U.S.
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CONTENTS Page Abstract ............
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CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 6 <str
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CONTENTS―Continued Figures 1.1. <
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ACRONYMS AND TERMS AAY Antodaya Ann
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ACRONYMS AND TERMS—Continued RGGV
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TABLE 1.1 India: A
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FIGURE 1.1 India:
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India’s central
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Despite their weak economic pr<stro
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Approach Current India</str
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Bibliography Birner, Regina, Surupt
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World Bank. Agriculture for Develop
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FIGURE 2.1 India:
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TABLE 2.1 India: A
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FIGURE 2.3 India:
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premium); (2) India</strong
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include government export restricti
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TABLE 2.3 India: A
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FIGURE 2.6 India:
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Exports by Major Trading Partner <s
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CHAPTER 3 Domestic Consumption Over
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TABLE 3.2 India: P
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more likely to have been exposed to
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BOX 3.3 Indian Con
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TABLE 3.3 India: T
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are expected to see income growth <
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Food Preferences India</str
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Regional Variation Geographic <stro
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CCC. “Know India
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CHAPTER 4 Indian A
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For most crops, however, In
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The Farm Sector soybeans 29 —but
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Food processing in India</s
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BOX 4.1 The Central Government’s
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BOX 4.2 Does the Minimum Support Pr
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August 3, 2009, New Delhi announced
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known as zamindars, have doubled or
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that the PFA Act was strictly enfor
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———. Bharat Nirman: A Time-Bo
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Organisation for Economic Co-operat
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CHAPTER 5 TARIFFS Overview
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sensitive. They include vegetable f
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wholly milled rice and</str
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The Indian governm
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India also reporte
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Reference Prices Reference prices,
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Landing Fees <stro
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Simulated Effects
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and nuts” by $0.
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5-19 TABLE 5.4 India</stron
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Page 121 and 122: CHAPTER 6 Nontariff</strong
Page 123 and 124: foreign sources. 6 For example, SPS
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Page 127 and 128: BOX 6.2 Wheat—Continued Yet, <str
Page 129 and 130: perpetuated continuously. The impor
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Page 133 and 134: import corn under the TRQ is too bu
Page 135 and 136: Customs Procedures India</s
Page 137 and 138: Corruption Interests within <strong
Page 139 and 140: TABLE 6.2 India: E
Page 141 and 142: Bibliography American Apparel <stro
Page 143 and 144: Mattson, Jeremy W., Won, W. Koo, <s
Page 145: ———. 2009 National Trade Esti
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Page 150 and 151: First Point of Sal
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Page 154 and 155: approximately 65 million households
Page 156 and 157: 7-10 TABLE 7.2 India</stron
Page 158 and 159: poor communications infrastructure
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Page 164 and 165: found that 39 percent of</s
Page 166 and 167: Bibliography Banerjee, A. Dairying
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Page 172 and 173: TABLE 8.2 India: A
Page 174 and 175: Food Processing and</strong
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Page 178 and 179: For processing of
Page 180 and 181: BOX 8.3 Restrictions on Foreign Joi
Page 182 and 183: Under certain circumstances, FDI ca
Page 184 and 185: commenced. States tend to be quick
Page 186 and 187: Bibliography Bahn, Niti, an
Page 188 and 189: International Center for Alcohol Po
Page 190 and 191: Structure of the <
Page 192 and 193: BOX 9.1 The UPOV System for Plant V
Page 194 and 195: that the public sector in I
Page 196 and 197: Whether this situation will soon ch
Page 198 and 199: The U.S.-India Bus
Page 200 and 201: eggplant, which began field trials
Page 202 and 203: Maskus, Keith E. “Intellectual Pr
Page 205: APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
Page 208 and 209: The Honorable Sham L. Arano
Page 211 and 212: cprice-sewell on PRODPC61 with NOTI
Page 213: APPENDIX C HEARING WITNESSES
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Summary of Views <
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advertising and pr
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highest in the Asia-Pacific region.
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to U.S. exports to India</s
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transparent sanitary regulations th
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hotel and catering
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Western Pistachio Association 26 In
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APPENDIX E POTENTIAL FOR U.S. AGRIC
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E-4 TABLE E.1 India</strong
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APPENDIX F INDIAN AGRICULTURAL PROD
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TABLE F.1 India: A
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FIGURE F.1 India:
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is in nonirrigated areas with yield
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Consumption India
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efrigeration. This characteristic i
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70 percent of tota
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eportedly preferred in southern <st
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Cotton During MY 2003/04-2007/08, <
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Government of <str
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APPENDIX G UNION AND STATE/UNION TE
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certain agricultural goods in the p
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Bibliography Chaulan, Shri U.K. “
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Simulation Framework The effects <s
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Producers determine the optimal sup
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Applied ad valorem tariff equivalen
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We considered the possibility that
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Estimation of <str
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Bibliography Anderson, Kym, Mariann
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