India: Effects of Tariffs and Nontariff Measures on U.S. ... - USITC

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CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 4 <strong>India</strong>n Agricultural Production <strong>and</strong> Policies— Continued x Page <strong>India</strong>n government policies affecting farm-level production .............................................. 4-7 Output price support policies........................................................................................... 4-10 Input support programs.................................................................................................... 4-11 Fertilizer support programs .......................................................................................... 4-11 Irrigation water support................................................................................................ 4-12 Electricity <strong>and</strong> diesel support programs ....................................................................... 4-12 Government support to farmers for seeds .................................................................... 4-13 Farmer welfare programs................................................................................................. 4-14 Low-interest loans for farmers ..................................................................................... 4-14 Debt write-<strong>of</strong>fs for farmers........................................................................................... 4-14 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act................................................................. 4-14 <strong>India</strong>n government policies affecting food processing........................................................ 4-15 Recent <strong>India</strong>n government incentives for the food processing sector ............................. 4-15 Food safety st<strong>and</strong>ards <strong>and</strong> regulations ............................................................................. 4-16 Chapter 5 <strong>Tariffs</strong>............................................................................................................ 5-1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 5-1 Bound tariffs <strong>and</strong> tariff-rate quotas ..................................................................................... 5-1 Applied tariffs ..................................................................................................................... 5-4 Tariff variability .................................................................................................................. 5-6 Tariff adjustment process .................................................................................................... 5-9 Adjustments to product classifications................................................................................ 5-10 Reference prices .................................................................................................................. 5-11 Additional border fees <strong>and</strong> taxes ......................................................................................... 5-11 Additional duty............................................................................................................... 5-11 Additional duty <strong>of</strong> customs ............................................................................................ 5-12 L<strong>and</strong>ing fees <strong>and</strong> educational cess ................................................................................. 5-13 Free trade agreements.......................................................................................................... 5-14 Simulated effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>n food <strong>and</strong> agricultural applied tariffs........................................ 5-15 Chapter 6 <strong>Nontariff</strong> <strong>Measures</strong> ............................................................................ 6-1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 6-1 Sanitary <strong>and</strong> phytosanitary issues........................................................................................ 6-2 International health st<strong>and</strong>ards ......................................................................................... 6-3 Contamination st<strong>and</strong>ards................................................................................................. 6-5 Rules for genetically modified organisms ...................................................................... 6-7 Fumigation requirements ................................................................................................ 6-9 Quality st<strong>and</strong>ards................................................................................................................. 6-9 Labeling <strong>and</strong> packaging rules.............................................................................................. 6-10 Bans, monitoring, <strong>and</strong> licensing requirements .................................................................... 6-11 Bans ................................................................................................................................. 6-11 Monitoring ....................................................................................................................... 6-11 Licensing requirements.................................................................................................... 6-12
CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 6 <strong>Nontariff</strong> <strong>Measures</strong>—Continued Page State trading enterprises ...................................................................................................... 6-13 Customs procedures ............................................................................................................ 6-15 Notice <strong>and</strong> comment procedures ......................................................................................... 6-15 Corruption .......................................................................................................................... 6-17 Modeling <strong>of</strong> nontariff measures .......................................................................................... 6-18 Chapter 7 Marketing <strong>and</strong> Distribution System..................................... 7-1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 7-1 Market structure .................................................................................................................. 7-1 First point <strong>of</strong> sale............................................................................................................. 7-4 State-regulated m<strong>and</strong>is................................................................................................. 7-4 Alternative markets...................................................................................................... 7-4 Direct marketing ...................................................................................................... 7-5 Private m<strong>and</strong>is ......................................................................................................... 7-6 Contract farming...................................................................................................... 7-6 Further distribution.......................................................................................................... 7-6 Government procurement............................................................................................ 7-6 Wholesale <strong>and</strong> processors............................................................................................ 7-7 Consumption ................................................................................................................... 7-7 Government distribution.............................................................................................. 7-7 Retail <strong>and</strong> hotel, restaurant, <strong>and</strong> institutional (HRI) sales........................................... 7-8 Attributes <strong>of</strong> an efficient marketing <strong>and</strong> distribution system.............................................. 7-11 Concentration .................................................................................................................. 7-11 Market information.......................................................................................................... 7-11 Grades <strong>and</strong> st<strong>and</strong>ards....................................................................................................... 7-12 Risk management ............................................................................................................ 7-13 Government intervention................................................................................................. 7-14 Transaction costs ............................................................................................................. 7-15 Market integration........................................................................................................ 7-15 Storage ......................................................................................................................... 7-15 Electricity..................................................................................................................... 7-16 Transportation .............................................................................................................. 7-16 <strong>Effects</strong> on U.S. exports...................................................................................................... 7-18 Chapter 8 Foreign Direct Investment in <strong>India</strong>n Agricultural <strong>and</strong> Food-Related Industries...................................................................... 8-1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 8-1 FDI regulations <strong>and</strong> trends .................................................................................................. 8-2 Food processing <strong>and</strong> nonalcoholic beverages ..................................................................... 8-6 Incentives for FDI in food processing ............................................................................. 8-8 Disincentives for FDI in food processing ........................................................................ 8-11 Alcoholic beverages ............................................................................................................ 8-13 Quick-service restaurants .................................................................................................... 8-16 xi
Page 1 and 2: United States International Trade C
Page 3 and 4: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 5: Abstract This report describes <str
Page 8 and 9: TABLE ES.1 India:
Page 10 and 11: U.S. agricultural products face str
Page 12 and 13: U.S. Foreign Direct Investment U.S.
Page 15: CONTENTS Page Abstract ............
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS―Continued Figures 1.1. <
Page 21 and 22: ACRONYMS AND TERMS AAY Antodaya Ann
Page 23: ACRONYMS AND TERMS—Continued RGGV
Page 26 and 27: TABLE 1.1 India: A
Page 28 and 29: FIGURE 1.1 India:
Page 30 and 31: India’s central
Page 32 and 33: Despite their weak economic pr<stro
Page 34 and 35: Approach Current India</str
Page 36 and 37: Bibliography Birner, Regina, Surupt
Page 38 and 39: World Bank. Agriculture for Develop
Page 46 and 47: premium); (2) India</strong
Page 48 and 49: include government export restricti
Page 54 and 55: Exports by Major Trading Partner <s
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 Domestic Consumption Over
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 3.2 India: P
Page 61 and 62: more likely to have been exposed to
Page 63 and 64: BOX 3.3 Indian Con
Page 65 and 66: TABLE 3.3 India: T
Page 67 and 68:
are expected to see income growth <
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Food Preferences India</str
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Regional Variation Geographic <stro
Page 73 and 74:
CCC. “Know India
Page 75 and 76:
CHAPTER 4 Indian A
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For most crops, however, In
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The Farm Sector soybeans 29 —but
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Food processing in India</s
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BOX 4.1 The Central Government’s
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BOX 4.2 Does the Minimum Support Pr
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August 3, 2009, New Delhi announced
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known as zamindars, have doubled or
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that the PFA Act was strictly enfor
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———. Bharat Nirman: A Time-Bo
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Organisation for Economic Co-operat
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CHAPTER 5 TARIFFS Overview
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sensitive. They include vegetable f
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wholly milled rice and</str
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The Indian governm
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India also reporte
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Reference Prices Reference prices,
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Landing Fees <stro
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Simulated Effects
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and nuts” by $0.
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5-19 TABLE 5.4 India</stron
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Bibliography Acharya, Keya. “Thor
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Indian Express.com
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CHAPTER 6 Nontariff</strong
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foreign sources. 6 For example, SPS
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BOX 6.1 Milk and M
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BOX 6.2 Wheat—Continued Yet, <str
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perpetuated continuously. The impor
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notices that must be integrated wit
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import corn under the TRQ is too bu
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Customs Procedures India</s
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Corruption Interests within <strong
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TABLE 6.2 India: E
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Bibliography American Apparel <stro
Page 143 and 144:
Mattson, Jeremy W., Won, W. Koo, <s
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———. 2009 National Trade Esti
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TABLE 7.1 India: C
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First Point of Sal
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Private mandis Som
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approximately 65 million households
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7-10 TABLE 7.2 India</stron
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poor communications infrastructure
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limited popularity with farmers bec
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The lack of infras
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found that 39 percent of</s
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Bibliography Banerjee, A. Dairying
Page 168 and 169:
Tiwari, Shri Rajendra Kumar. “Pos
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FDI Regulations and</strong
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TABLE 8.2 India: A
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Food Processing and</strong
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There is not necessarily a strong l
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For processing of
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BOX 8.3 Restrictions on Foreign Joi
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Under certain circumstances, FDI ca
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commenced. States tend to be quick
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Bibliography Bahn, Niti, an
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International Center for Alcohol Po
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Structure of the <
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BOX 9.1 The UPOV System for Plant V
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that the public sector in I
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Whether this situation will soon ch
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The U.S.-India Bus
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eggplant, which began field trials
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Maskus, Keith E. “Intellectual Pr
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APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
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The Honorable Sham L. Arano
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cprice-sewell on PRODPC61 with NOTI
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APPENDIX C HEARING WITNESSES
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ORGANIZATION AND WITNESS: Tuttle Ta
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Summary of Views <
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advertising and pr
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highest in the Asia-Pacific region.
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to U.S. exports to India</s
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transparent sanitary regulations th
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hotel and catering
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Western Pistachio Association 26 In
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APPENDIX E POTENTIAL FOR U.S. AGRIC
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E-4 TABLE E.1 India</strong
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 243:
APPENDIX F INDIAN AGRICULTURAL PROD
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TABLE F.1 India: A
Page 248 and 249:
FIGURE F.1 India:
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is in nonirrigated areas with yield
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Consumption India
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efrigeration. This characteristic i
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70 percent of tota
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eportedly preferred in southern <st
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Cotton During MY 2003/04-2007/08, <
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Government of <str
Page 265:
APPENDIX G UNION AND STATE/UNION TE
Page 268 and 269:
certain agricultural goods in the p
Page 270 and 271:
Bibliography Chaulan, Shri U.K. “
Page 273 and 274:
Simulation Framework The effects <s
Page 275 and 276:
Producers determine the optimal sup
Page 277 and 278:
Applied ad valorem tariff equivalen
Page 279 and 280:
We considered the possibility that
Page 281 and 282:
Estimation of <str
Page 283 and 284:
Bibliography Anderson, Kym, Mariann
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