India: Effects of Tariffs and Nontariff Measures on U.S. ... - USITC

More documents

Recommendations

Info

U.S. Meat Exporters’ Federation (USMEF). “<strong>India</strong>’s Pork Market: Opportunities for the U.S. Pork Industry.” March 2007. Venkatraman, Niloufer. “<strong>India</strong> (Cuisine).” Frommer=s <strong>India</strong> 3rd Edition. May 16, 2000. http://www.frommers.com/destinations/india/3475020045.html. Whitecomb, Amerlia. “An Overview <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>=s Regional Cuisines.” LasVegasRestaurants.com August 5, 2008. http://www.lasvegasrestaurants.com/article.cfm/article/33/An-Overview-<strong>of</strong>- <strong>India</strong>-s-Regional-Cuisines. World Food Programme <strong>of</strong> the United Nations. “Countries: <strong>India</strong>.” WFP, 2009. http://www.wfp.org/countries/india. Yadav, Yogendra <strong>and</strong> Kumar, Sanjay. “The Food Habits <strong>of</strong> a Nation.” Hindu. August 14, 2006. 3-18
CHAPTER 4 <strong>India</strong>n Agricultural Production <strong>and</strong> Policies Overview <strong>India</strong>’s agricultural production, valued at $176 billion 1 <strong>and</strong> representing 17 percent <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>n gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007, 2 has been heavily influenced by domestic government policies emphasizing food security, food self-sufficiency, <strong>and</strong> income support for farmers. <strong>India</strong>n food consumption is overwhelmingly supplied by domestic production, with imports playing a minor role for most commodities. Agriculture is an important sector <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>’s economy. It employs more than 60 percent <strong>of</strong> the population, 3 dominated by millions <strong>of</strong> extremely poor farmers working small to marginal l<strong>and</strong>holdings, who account for more than one-half <strong>of</strong> total <strong>India</strong>n agricultural production. <strong>India</strong> is a leading global producer <strong>of</strong> a number <strong>of</strong> commodities—including various grains, dairy, fruits, <strong>and</strong> vegetables—because <strong>of</strong> its significant natural resource base. The country has the world’s second-largest arable l<strong>and</strong> base after the United States 4 <strong>and</strong> is endowed with all <strong>of</strong> the world’s major climates. 5 While grains remain the foundation <strong>of</strong> the <strong>India</strong>n diet, production has recently increased for other foods, such as milk, meat, fruits, <strong>and</strong> vegetables, in response to increasing <strong>India</strong>n dem<strong>and</strong>. 6 The valueadded food processing sector <strong>of</strong> the <strong>India</strong>n economy is small but growing. During marketing years (MYs) 2003/04–2007/08, <strong>India</strong>n production volumes <strong>of</strong> many commodities increased, some with annual double-digit growth rates. Many <strong>of</strong> the increases were aided by favorable weather <strong>and</strong> prices, increased planted area, <strong>and</strong> rising yields. Yet growth in the overall value <strong>of</strong> agricultural production slowed relative to past performance 7 <strong>and</strong> lagged behind the growth in population. 8 The 2.5 percent growth recorded during fiscal years (FYs) 2002/03–2006/07 (the years covered by the government’s Tenth Five-Year Plan) is not considered by the <strong>India</strong>n government sufficient to sustain food security objectives. 9 Consequently, the government is currently looking for ways to improve performance in the sector, which suffers from fragmented l<strong>and</strong>holdings, an incentive program that distorts crop planting decisions, the overuse <strong>of</strong> fertilizer <strong>and</strong> groundwater, inadequate postharvest treatment, <strong>and</strong> inefficient market channels. 10 1 U.N. Food <strong>and</strong> Agriculture, FAOSTAT, “Gross Production,” 2007. 2 Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2008. In contrast, agriculture accounts for 1.2 percent <strong>of</strong> U.S. GDP. CIA, The World Factbook: <strong>India</strong>, updated June 1, 2009. 3 Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, National Policy for Farmers 2007, 1. 4 Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Agri-Food Canada, <strong>India</strong> Agricultural Policy Review, September 2008, 1. 5 USIBC, written submission to the USITC, June 26, 2009, 2. 6 The World Bank, “From Competition at Home to Competing Abroad,” June 28, 2005, 1; McKinsey Global Institute, “The ‘Bird <strong>of</strong> Gold,’” May 2007, 87. 7 National five-year average growth rates for agriculture were in the 3.5–3.7 percent range during the 1980s <strong>and</strong> 1990s, but slowed to 2.5 percent during fiscal years 1997/98–2001/02 <strong>and</strong> 2002/03–2006/07. Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, Planning Commission, Eleventh Five Year Plan: 2007–12, vol. 3, 2008, 4. 8 In FY 2006/07, per capita output <strong>of</strong> some major crops, such as cereals, pulses, oilseeds, <strong>and</strong> some fruits <strong>and</strong> vegetables, was below FY 1996/97 levels. Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, Planning Commission, Eleventh Five Year Plan: 2007–12, vol. 3, 2008, 5. 9 Ibid., 5. 10 <strong>India</strong>n agricultural market channels <strong>and</strong> postharvest treatment are discussed in chapter 7. 4-1
Page 1 and 2:
United States International Trade C
Page 3 and 4:
U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 5:
Abstract This report describes <str
Page 8 and 9:
TABLE ES.1 India:
Page 10 and 11:
U.S. agricultural products face str
Page 12 and 13:
U.S. Foreign Direct Investment U.S.
Page 15 and 16:
CONTENTS Page Abstract ............
Page 17 and 18:
CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 6 <str
Page 19 and 20:
CONTENTS―Continued Figures 1.1. <
Page 21 and 22:
ACRONYMS AND TERMS AAY Antodaya Ann
Page 23: ACRONYMS AND TERMS—Continued RGGV
Page 26 and 27: TABLE 1.1 India: A
Page 28 and 29: FIGURE 1.1 India:
Page 30 and 31: India’s central
Page 32 and 33: Despite their weak economic pr<stro
Page 34 and 35: Approach Current India</str
Page 36 and 37: Bibliography Birner, Regina, Surupt
Page 38 and 39: World Bank. Agriculture for Develop
Page 46 and 47: premium); (2) India</strong
Page 48 and 49: include government export restricti
Page 54 and 55: Exports by Major Trading Partner <s
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 Domestic Consumption Over
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 3.2 India: P
Page 61 and 62: more likely to have been exposed to
Page 63 and 64: BOX 3.3 Indian Con
Page 65 and 66: TABLE 3.3 India: T
Page 67 and 68: are expected to see income growth <
Page 69 and 70: Food Preferences India</str
Page 71 and 72: Regional Variation Geographic <stro
Page 73: CCC. “Know India
Page 77 and 78: For most crops, however, In
Page 79 and 80: The Farm Sector soybeans 29 —but
Page 81 and 82: Food processing in India</s
Page 83 and 84: BOX 4.1 The Central Government’s
Page 85 and 86: BOX 4.2 Does the Minimum Support Pr
Page 87 and 88: August 3, 2009, New Delhi announced
Page 89 and 90: known as zamindars, have doubled or
Page 91 and 92: that the PFA Act was strictly enfor
Page 93 and 94: ———. Bharat Nirman: A Time-Bo
Page 95 and 96: Organisation for Economic Co-operat
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 5 TARIFFS Overview
Page 99 and 100: sensitive. They include vegetable f
Page 101 and 102: wholly milled rice and</str
Page 103 and 104: The Indian governm
Page 105 and 106: India also reporte
Page 107 and 108: Reference Prices Reference prices,
Page 109 and 110: Landing Fees <stro
Page 111 and 112: Simulated Effects
Page 113 and 114: and nuts” by $0.
Page 115 and 116: 5-19 TABLE 5.4 India</stron
Page 117 and 118: Bibliography Acharya, Keya. “Thor
Page 119 and 120: Indian Express.com
Page 121 and 122: CHAPTER 6 Nontariff</strong
Page 123 and 124: foreign sources. 6 For example, SPS
Page 125 and 126:
BOX 6.1 Milk and M
Page 127 and 128:
BOX 6.2 Wheat—Continued Yet, <str
Page 129 and 130:
perpetuated continuously. The impor
Page 131 and 132:
notices that must be integrated wit
Page 133 and 134:
import corn under the TRQ is too bu
Page 135 and 136:
Customs Procedures India</s
Page 137 and 138:
Corruption Interests within <strong
Page 139 and 140:
TABLE 6.2 India: E
Page 141 and 142:
Bibliography American Apparel <stro
Page 143 and 144:
Mattson, Jeremy W., Won, W. Koo, <s
Page 145:
———. 2009 National Trade Esti
Page 148 and 149:
TABLE 7.1 India: C
Page 150 and 151:
First Point of Sal
Page 152 and 153:
Private mandis Som
Page 154 and 155:
approximately 65 million households
Page 156 and 157:
7-10 TABLE 7.2 India</stron
Page 158 and 159:
poor communications infrastructure
Page 160 and 161:
limited popularity with farmers bec
Page 162 and 163:
The lack of infras
Page 164 and 165:
found that 39 percent of</s
Page 166 and 167:
Bibliography Banerjee, A. Dairying
Page 168 and 169:
Tiwari, Shri Rajendra Kumar. “Pos
Page 170 and 171:
FDI Regulations and</strong
Page 172 and 173:
TABLE 8.2 India: A
Page 174 and 175:
Food Processing and</strong
Page 176 and 177:
There is not necessarily a strong l
Page 178 and 179:
For processing of
Page 180 and 181:
BOX 8.3 Restrictions on Foreign Joi
Page 182 and 183:
Under certain circumstances, FDI ca
Page 184 and 185:
commenced. States tend to be quick
Page 186 and 187:
Bibliography Bahn, Niti, an
Page 188 and 189:
International Center for Alcohol Po
Page 190 and 191:
Structure of the <
Page 192 and 193:
BOX 9.1 The UPOV System for Plant V
Page 194 and 195:
that the public sector in I
Page 196 and 197:
Whether this situation will soon ch
Page 198 and 199:
The U.S.-India Bus
Page 200 and 201:
eggplant, which began field trials
Page 202 and 203:
Maskus, Keith E. “Intellectual Pr
Page 205:
APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
Page 208 and 209:
The Honorable Sham L. Arano
Page 211 and 212:
cprice-sewell on PRODPC61 with NOTI
Page 213:
APPENDIX C HEARING WITNESSES
Page 216 and 217:
ORGANIZATION AND WITNESS: Tuttle Ta
Page 219 and 220:
Summary of Views <
Page 221 and 222:
advertising and pr
Page 223 and 224:
highest in the Asia-Pacific region.
Page 225 and 226:
to U.S. exports to India</s
Page 227 and 228:
transparent sanitary regulations th
Page 229 and 230:
hotel and catering
Page 231 and 232:
Western Pistachio Association 26 In
Page 233:
APPENDIX E POTENTIAL FOR U.S. AGRIC
Page 236 and 237:
E-4 TABLE E.1 India</strong
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 243:
APPENDIX F INDIAN AGRICULTURAL PROD
Page 246 and 247:
TABLE F.1 India: A
Page 248 and 249:
FIGURE F.1 India:
Page 250 and 251:
is in nonirrigated areas with yield
Page 252 and 253:
Consumption India
Page 254 and 255:
efrigeration. This characteristic i
Page 256 and 257:
70 percent of tota
Page 258 and 259:
eportedly preferred in southern <st
Page 260 and 261:
Cotton During MY 2003/04-2007/08, <
Page 262 and 263:
Government of <str
Page 265:
APPENDIX G UNION AND STATE/UNION TE
Page 268 and 269:
certain agricultural goods in the p
Page 270 and 271:
Bibliography Chaulan, Shri U.K. “
Page 273 and 274:
Simulation Framework The effects <s
Page 275 and 276:
Producers determine the optimal sup
Page 277 and 278:
Applied ad valorem tariff equivalen
Page 279 and 280:
We considered the possibility that
Page 281 and 282:
Estimation of <str
Page 283 and 284:
Bibliography Anderson, Kym, Mariann
show all

India: Effects of Tariffs and Nontariff Measures on U.S. ... - USITC

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?