India: Effects of Tariffs and Nontariff Measures on U.S. ... - USITC

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International Center for Alcohol Policies (ICAP). Noncommercial Alcohol in Three Regions. ICAP Review no. 3. Washington, DC: ICAP, 2009. http://www.icap.org/Portals/0/download/all_pdfs/ICAP_Reviews_English/ICAP%20Review%20 3%20-%20Noncommercial%20Alcohol%20in%20Three%20Regions.pdf. Investment Commission <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>. “Food & Agro Products,” n.d. http://www.investmentcommission.in/food_&_agro_products.htm (accessed June 22, 2009). KPMG. Combating Counterfeiting <strong>and</strong> Grey Market—A Challenge for <strong>India</strong>n Corporates. December 22, 2008. Kurian, Boby. “Mohan Breweries to Exit SABMiller Pact.” The Economic Times. May 12, 2009. L<strong>and</strong>es, Maurice. The Environment for Agricultural <strong>and</strong> Agribusiness Investment in <strong>India</strong>. Economic Information Bulletin No. EIB-37. U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Economic Research Service, July 2008. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/EIB37/. Mallya, Vijay. “Chairman’s Statement.” United Breweries. Kingfisher Web site, 2009 http://www.kingfisherworld.com/corporate/chairman-statement.htm (accessed June 12, 2009). McKinsey Global Institute. “The ‘Bird <strong>of</strong> Gold’: The Rise <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>’s Consumer Market,” May 2007. http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/publications/india_consumer_market/. Nuthall, Keith. “Focus—Spirits Industry Calls for Tougher Action on Counterfeiting.” April 28, 2009. http://www.just-drinks.com/article.aspxid=97106. Organisation for Economic Co-operation <strong>and</strong> Development (OECD). Agricultural Policies in Non-OECD Markets: Monitoring <strong>and</strong> Evaluation. Paris: OECD, 2009. PepsiCo. “PepsiCo Doubles Investment in <strong>India</strong> in 2009.” Press release. June 1, 2009. http://www.pepsiindia.co.in/press_pressreleases.html#. Rabo <strong>India</strong> Finance Pvt. Ltd. Vision, Strategy <strong>and</strong> Action Plan for Food Processing Industries in <strong>India</strong>. vol. 1. Prepared for the Ministry <strong>of</strong> Food Processing Industries, Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, April 2005. Rabobank. “Executive Summary.” The <strong>India</strong>n Wine Industry Uncorked,” Rabobank, 2008. http://www.rabobank.com/content/images/Rabobank_The_<strong>India</strong>n_wine_industry_uncorked_intro _tcm43-57618.pdf. StreetInsider.com. “Pizza Hut Named Most Trusted Food Service Br<strong>and</strong> in <strong>India</strong> by The Economic Times for Fifth Year,” June 25, 2009. http://www.streetinsider.com. U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service. <strong>India</strong>: Exporter Guide; Annual, 2008. GAIN Report No. IN8112. October 1, 2008. United States Trade Representative (USTR). “<strong>India</strong>.” 2007 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers. Washington, DC: USTR, 2007. World Trade Organization (WTO) “Trade Policy Review <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>.” WT/TPR/S/182/Rev.1, July 24, 2007. 8-20
CHAPTER 9 Intellectual Property Rights <strong>and</strong> Related Policies in the <strong>India</strong>n Seed Sector Overview U.S. <strong>and</strong> global seed firms identified intellectual property rights (IPR) as particularly important to their operations in <strong>India</strong>. 1 Firms in other agricultural sectors, by contrast, did not identify IPR policies as critical to their trade or investment decisions. 2 U.S. <strong>and</strong> other global firms participate in the market mainly through the local research <strong>and</strong> development (R&D) <strong>and</strong> commercialization <strong>of</strong> hybrid <strong>and</strong> genetically engineered, or biotech, seeds. 3 This local presence enables global firms to establish <strong>and</strong> maintain close connections with customers <strong>and</strong> facilitates the development <strong>and</strong> regulatory approval <strong>of</strong> seeds tailored to <strong>India</strong>’s specific agronomic conditions. 4 U.S. <strong>and</strong> other global firms have identified three factors as critical to increasing their participation in the <strong>India</strong>n market: comprehensive <strong>and</strong> effective IPR laws, market-based pricing, <strong>and</strong> science-based regulatory review <strong>of</strong> new seed technologies. In the area <strong>of</strong> IPR, <strong>India</strong> has recently put in place a plant variety protection law, as well as patent provisions for seed biotechnology inventions; however, industry sources indicated that broad exceptions in the laws, delayed implementation, <strong>and</strong> uncertainty regarding enforcement undermine the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> these protections. They also noted that state-level restrictions on prices <strong>and</strong> time-consuming <strong>and</strong> unpredictable regulatory review impede the commercialization <strong>of</strong> new seed technologies. In the absence <strong>of</strong> effective regulatory review <strong>and</strong> IPR enforcement, industry sources claim that illegal <strong>and</strong> counterfeit seed markets have flourished, to the detriment <strong>of</strong> legitimate products. 5 1 One IPR issue <strong>of</strong> substantial concern to producers <strong>of</strong> agricultural chemicals is <strong>India</strong>’s lack <strong>of</strong> protection against the unfair commercial use <strong>of</strong> tests or other data that firms submit to obtain government marketing approval for their products. Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), written submission to the Commission, June 26, 2009, 3. Because chemicals are outside the scope <strong>of</strong> this investigation, the issue is mentioned only briefly here. 2 Although not reported to be <strong>of</strong> primary importance, the value <strong>of</strong> trademarks to successful FDI in the processed food <strong>and</strong> quick service restaurant sectors, <strong>and</strong> problems with the counterfeiting <strong>of</strong> spirits, were issues raised by industry representatives during Commission interviews <strong>and</strong> are noted in chapter 8. 3 Although <strong>India</strong>’s domestic seed market is one <strong>of</strong> the largest in the world, imports account for only a small portion <strong>of</strong> the market. The International Seed Federation (ISF) estimates the value <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>’s domestic seed market at $1.5 billion. See ISF Web site, http://www.worldseed.org/en-us/international_seed/home.html (accessed June 20, 2009). The United States accounted for $6 million <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>’s total planting seed imports <strong>of</strong> $49 million in FY 2007–08. Singh <strong>and</strong> Kaul, <strong>India</strong>: Planting Seeds, December 17, 2008, 6. 4 Industry representative, interview by Commission staff, Mumbai, <strong>India</strong>, May 12, 2009; Monsanto <strong>India</strong> Ltd., Annual Report 2007–2008, 2009, 16. 5 Industry representatives, interviews by Commission staff, New Delhi, <strong>India</strong>, May 4, 5, 6 <strong>and</strong> 9, 2009; industry representatives, interviews by Commission staff, Mumbai, <strong>India</strong>, May 11 <strong>and</strong> 12, 2009; <strong>and</strong> industry representatives, telephone interviews by Commission staff, January 21, March 30, <strong>and</strong> June 10, 2009. See also BIO, written submission to the Commission, June 26, 2009, 2–3; USIBC, written submission to the Commission, June 26, 2009. 9-1
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United States International Trade C
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U.S. International Trade Commission
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Abstract This report describes <str
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TABLE ES.1 India:
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U.S. agricultural products face str
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U.S. Foreign Direct Investment U.S.
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CONTENTS Page Abstract ............
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CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 6 <str
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CONTENTS―Continued Figures 1.1. <
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ACRONYMS AND TERMS AAY Antodaya Ann
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ACRONYMS AND TERMS—Continued RGGV
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TABLE 1.1 India: A
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FIGURE 1.1 India:
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India’s central
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Despite their weak economic pr<stro
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Approach Current India</str
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Bibliography Birner, Regina, Surupt
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World Bank. Agriculture for Develop
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FIGURE 2.1 India:
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TABLE 2.1 India: A
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FIGURE 2.3 India:
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premium); (2) India</strong
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include government export restricti
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TABLE 2.3 India: A
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FIGURE 2.6 India:
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Exports by Major Trading Partner <s
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CHAPTER 3 Domestic Consumption Over
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TABLE 3.2 India: P
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more likely to have been exposed to
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BOX 3.3 Indian Con
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TABLE 3.3 India: T
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are expected to see income growth <
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Food Preferences India</str
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Regional Variation Geographic <stro
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CCC. “Know India
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CHAPTER 4 Indian A
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For most crops, however, In
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The Farm Sector soybeans 29 —but
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Food processing in India</s
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BOX 4.1 The Central Government’s
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BOX 4.2 Does the Minimum Support Pr
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August 3, 2009, New Delhi announced
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known as zamindars, have doubled or
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that the PFA Act was strictly enfor
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———. Bharat Nirman: A Time-Bo
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Organisation for Economic Co-operat
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CHAPTER 5 TARIFFS Overview
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sensitive. They include vegetable f
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wholly milled rice and</str
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The Indian governm
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India also reporte
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Reference Prices Reference prices,
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Landing Fees <stro
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Simulated Effects
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and nuts” by $0.
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5-19 TABLE 5.4 India</stron
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Bibliography Acharya, Keya. “Thor
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Indian Express.com
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CHAPTER 6 Nontariff</strong
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foreign sources. 6 For example, SPS
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BOX 6.1 Milk and M
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BOX 6.2 Wheat—Continued Yet, <str
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perpetuated continuously. The impor
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notices that must be integrated wit
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import corn under the TRQ is too bu
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Customs Procedures India</s
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Page 141 and 142: Bibliography American Apparel <stro
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Page 145: ———. 2009 National Trade Esti
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Page 150 and 151: First Point of Sal
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Page 154 and 155: approximately 65 million households
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Page 164 and 165: found that 39 percent of</s
Page 166 and 167: Bibliography Banerjee, A. Dairying
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Page 174 and 175: Food Processing and</strong
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Page 180 and 181: BOX 8.3 Restrictions on Foreign Joi
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Page 186 and 187: Bibliography Bahn, Niti, an
Page 190 and 191: Structure of the <
Page 192 and 193: BOX 9.1 The UPOV System for Plant V
Page 194 and 195: that the public sector in I
Page 196 and 197: Whether this situation will soon ch
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Page 200 and 201: eggplant, which began field trials
Page 202 and 203: Maskus, Keith E. “Intellectual Pr
Page 205: APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
Page 208 and 209: The Honorable Sham L. Arano
Page 211 and 212: cprice-sewell on PRODPC61 with NOTI
Page 213: APPENDIX C HEARING WITNESSES
Page 216 and 217: ORGANIZATION AND WITNESS: Tuttle Ta
Page 219 and 220: Summary of Views <
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Page 223 and 224: highest in the Asia-Pacific region.
Page 225 and 226: to U.S. exports to India</s
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Page 233: APPENDIX E POTENTIAL FOR U.S. AGRIC
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E-6 TABLE E.1 India</strong
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E-8 TABLE E.1 India</strong
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APPENDIX F INDIAN AGRICULTURAL PROD
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TABLE F.1 India: A
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FIGURE F.1 India:
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is in nonirrigated areas with yield
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Consumption India
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efrigeration. This characteristic i
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70 percent of tota
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eportedly preferred in southern <st
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Cotton During MY 2003/04-2007/08, <
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Government of <str
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APPENDIX G UNION AND STATE/UNION TE
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certain agricultural goods in the p
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Bibliography Chaulan, Shri U.K. “
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Simulation Framework The effects <s
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Producers determine the optimal sup
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Applied ad valorem tariff equivalen
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We considered the possibility that
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Estimation of <str
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Bibliography Anderson, Kym, Mariann
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