India: Effects of Tariffs and Nontariff Measures on U.S. ... - USITC

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TABLE F.1 <strong>India</strong>: Agricultural production by commodity, MYs 2003/04–2007/08 (million mt) Product 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 % increase 2007/08 over 2003/04 Grains Rice 88.5 83.1 91.8 93.4 96.7 9.2 Wheat 72.2 68.6 69.4 75.8 78.6 8.9 Coarse grains 37.6 33.5 34.1 33.9 40.8 8.4 Pulses 14.9 13.1 13.4 14.2 14.8 –1.0 Major oilseeds 25.2 24.4 28.0 24.3 29.8 18.1 Groundnut 8.1 6.8 8.0 4.9 9.2 12.9 Rapeseed/mustard 6.3 7.6 8.1 7.4 5.8 –7.3 Soybean 7.8 6.9 8.3 8.9 11.0 40.3 Sugarcane 233.9 237.1 281.2 355.5 348.2 48.9 Sugar 15.2 14.2 21.1 30.8 28.6 89.0 Tea 0.878 0.893 0.946 0.956 0.944 13.3 C<strong>of</strong>fee 0.271 0.276 0.274 0.280 0.262 –3.3 Cotton (million bales) 13.7 16.4 18.5 22.6 25.9 88.5 Fruit ( a ) ( a ) 55.4 58.9 62.9 b 13.6 Vegetables ( a ) ( a ) 111.4 116.0 122.3 b 9.8 Milk, all 88.1 92.6 97.1 100.9 104.8 19.0 Buffalo milk 48.0 50.2 52.1 55.2 57.0 18.7 Cow milk 35.0 37.3 39.8 41.0 42.1 20.5 Meat, bovine 2.13 2.25 2.38 2.4 2.5 16.0 Goat meat 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 32.4 Pig meat 0.490 0.497 0.497 0.497 0.497 1.4 Sheep meat 0.216 0.225 0.241 0.240 0.243 12.5 Poultry 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.5 50.9 Source: Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture; FAOSTAT; USDA, FAS, PSD database. a Not available. b Percentage change represents MY 2005/06 to MY 2007/08. TABLE F.2 <strong>India</strong>: Government procurement <strong>and</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> rice <strong>and</strong> wheat, MYs 2004/05–2008/09 (million mt) Item 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 Rice production 83.13 91.79 93.35 96.69 99.37 Wheat production 68.64 69.35 75.81 78.57 77.63 Sum <strong>of</strong> rice <strong>and</strong> wheat production 151.77 161.14 169.16 175.26 177.0 Procurement under Central Pool Rice 24.0 26.7 26.3 26.3 32.8 Wheat 16.8 14.8 9.2 11.1 22.7 Sum <strong>of</strong> rice <strong>and</strong> wheat 40.8 41.5 35.5 37.4 55.5 Procurement under Central Pool as share <strong>of</strong> production (%) Rice 28.9 29.1 28.2 27.2 33.0 Wheat 24.5 21.3 12.1 14.1 29.2 Sum <strong>of</strong> rice <strong>and</strong> wheat 26.9 25.8 21.0 21.3 31.4 Distribution (<strong>of</strong>ftake) Rice for targeted public distribution system 16.6 19.2 21.2 22.6 22.3 Wheat for targeted public distribution system 13.1 12.2 10.4 10.9 12.5 Sum for targeted public distribution system 29.7 31.4 31.6 33.5 34.8 Total other (welfare) 10.6 9.7 5.1 3.9 3.3 Sales <strong>and</strong> exports 1.2 1.1 0.0 ( a ) 0.1 Total rice <strong>and</strong> wheat distributed 41.5 42.1 36.7 37.4 38.1 Distribution as share <strong>of</strong> production (%) Rice for targeted public distribution system 20.0 20.9 22.7 23.4 22.4 Wheat for targeted public distribution system 19.1 17.6 13.7 13.9 16.1 Sum for targeted public distribution system 19.6 19.5 18.7 19.1 19.7 Total other (welfare) 7.0 6.0 3.0 1.9 1.8 Sales <strong>and</strong> exports 0.8 0.7 0.0 ( b ) ( b ) Total distribution 27.3 26.1 21.7 21.3 21.6 Source: Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Finance, Economic Survey, 2008–09, Tables 7.4 <strong>and</strong> 7.21; Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture. Note: Distribution data for MY 2008/09 were extrapolated from data for April–February. a Less than 500 mt. b Less than 0.05 percent. F-4
The <strong>India</strong>n milling sector is dominated by wheat, mainly milled for wheat flour <strong>and</strong> to a lesser degree rice <strong>and</strong> pulses. Wheat milling is mainly done by the unorganized sector, but a few large firms produce <strong>and</strong> market br<strong>and</strong>ed wheat flour. Bakery products are the largest segment <strong>of</strong> grain-based processed foods, <strong>and</strong> this production is also performed by mainly small <strong>and</strong> medium-sized unorganized local players <strong>and</strong> a limited number <strong>of</strong> organized firms. Bread production was 2.7 mmt in 2004; 50–55 percent <strong>of</strong> it took place in the organized sector. 10 Higher value-added processed grain products include Westernstyle breakfast cereals, which is a small but growing segment. Consumption Grains, predominantly wheat <strong>and</strong> rice, are the largest component <strong>of</strong> the <strong>India</strong>n diet <strong>and</strong> are consumed in many forms. Although wheat is most popular in the north, its consumption is growing nationally partly because <strong>of</strong> migration but also because <strong>of</strong> its wider availability, its versatility, <strong>and</strong> the public’s increasing awareness <strong>of</strong> its health benefits. 11 Other, less commonly consumed grains include sorghum (jowar), pearl millet (bajra), <strong>and</strong> maize (corn). Sorghum <strong>and</strong> millet are consumed in substantial quantities in only approximately one-half <strong>of</strong> all states <strong>and</strong> have very low per capita consumption (about 0.6 kilograms or less per month) in most <strong>of</strong> the remaining states. 12 Food consumption <strong>of</strong> corn is also low in most states. Pulses Production <strong>India</strong> is a leading global producer <strong>of</strong> pulses <strong>of</strong> many types, including desi (small) chickpeas, pigeon peas, black matpe, <strong>and</strong> mung beans. Total pulse production was 14.8 mmt in MY 2007/08 with a planted area <strong>of</strong> 23.9 million ha; this represents a steady decline in area <strong>and</strong> relatively stagnant production since the 1970s. There have been few varietal improvements for domestic pulse production over the years, <strong>and</strong> only a small share <strong>of</strong> production is under irrigation. 13 As a result, yields have not risen compared to other crops, eroding pr<strong>of</strong>itability relative to crops such as wheat <strong>and</strong> rice. 14 Production takes place mainly in Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, <strong>and</strong> Uttar Pradesh (fig. F.1). Some pulse-producing states provide indirect support for pulse production. For example, in Tamil Nadu a 4 percent tax is levied on yellow/green peas <strong>and</strong> chickpeas that are shipped across state lines. This tax is intended to limit the amount <strong>of</strong> pulses that are imported or transported through the state. 15 10 IBEF, Food Processing: Market <strong>and</strong> Opportunities, 5. 11 Wheat has higher levels <strong>of</strong> calcium <strong>and</strong> protein relative to rice. Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture Directorate <strong>of</strong> Marketing <strong>and</strong> Inspection, “Post Harvest Pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> Wheat,” n.d. 12 Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, NSSO, Household Consumer Expenditure in <strong>India</strong>, 2006–07, October 2008, app. A, table 7R. 13 <strong>India</strong>n industry representatives, interviews by Commission staff, New Delhi <strong>and</strong> Mumbai, <strong>India</strong>, May 26 <strong>and</strong> 28, 2009. 14 USDA, ERS, <strong>India</strong>’s Pulse Sector, May 2003, 3. 15 Ibid., 5. F-5
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United States International Trade C
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U.S. International Trade Commission
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Abstract This report describes <str
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TABLE ES.1 India:
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U.S. agricultural products face str
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U.S. Foreign Direct Investment U.S.
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CONTENTS Page Abstract ............
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CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 6 <str
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CONTENTS―Continued Figures 1.1. <
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ACRONYMS AND TERMS AAY Antodaya Ann
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ACRONYMS AND TERMS—Continued RGGV
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TABLE 1.1 India: A
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FIGURE 1.1 India:
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India’s central
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Despite their weak economic pr<stro
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Approach Current India</str
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Bibliography Birner, Regina, Surupt
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World Bank. Agriculture for Develop
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FIGURE 2.1 India:
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TABLE 2.1 India: A
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FIGURE 2.3 India:
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premium); (2) India</strong
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include government export restricti
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TABLE 2.3 India: A
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FIGURE 2.6 India:
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Exports by Major Trading Partner <s
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CHAPTER 3 Domestic Consumption Over
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TABLE 3.2 India: P
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more likely to have been exposed to
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BOX 3.3 Indian Con
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TABLE 3.3 India: T
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are expected to see income growth <
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Food Preferences India</str
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Regional Variation Geographic <stro
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CCC. “Know India
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CHAPTER 4 Indian A
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For most crops, however, In
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The Farm Sector soybeans 29 —but
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Food processing in India</s
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BOX 4.1 The Central Government’s
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BOX 4.2 Does the Minimum Support Pr
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August 3, 2009, New Delhi announced
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known as zamindars, have doubled or
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that the PFA Act was strictly enfor
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———. Bharat Nirman: A Time-Bo
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Organisation for Economic Co-operat
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CHAPTER 5 TARIFFS Overview
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sensitive. They include vegetable f
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wholly milled rice and</str
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The Indian governm
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India also reporte
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Reference Prices Reference prices,
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Landing Fees <stro
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Simulated Effects
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and nuts” by $0.
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5-19 TABLE 5.4 India</stron
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Bibliography Acharya, Keya. “Thor
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Indian Express.com
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CHAPTER 6 Nontariff</strong
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foreign sources. 6 For example, SPS
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BOX 6.1 Milk and M
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BOX 6.2 Wheat—Continued Yet, <str
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perpetuated continuously. The impor
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notices that must be integrated wit
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import corn under the TRQ is too bu
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Customs Procedures India</s
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Corruption Interests within <strong
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TABLE 6.2 India: E
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Bibliography American Apparel <stro
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Mattson, Jeremy W., Won, W. Koo, <s
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———. 2009 National Trade Esti
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TABLE 7.1 India: C
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First Point of Sal
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Private mandis Som
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approximately 65 million households
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7-10 TABLE 7.2 India</stron
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poor communications infrastructure
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limited popularity with farmers bec
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The lack of infras
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found that 39 percent of</s
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Bibliography Banerjee, A. Dairying
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Tiwari, Shri Rajendra Kumar. “Pos
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FDI Regulations and</strong
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TABLE 8.2 India: A
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Food Processing and</strong
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There is not necessarily a strong l
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For processing of
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BOX 8.3 Restrictions on Foreign Joi
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Under certain circumstances, FDI ca
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commenced. States tend to be quick
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Bibliography Bahn, Niti, an
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International Center for Alcohol Po
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Structure of the <
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BOX 9.1 The UPOV System for Plant V
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that the public sector in I
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Page 200 and 201: eggplant, which began field trials
Page 202 and 203: Maskus, Keith E. “Intellectual Pr
Page 205: APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
Page 208 and 209: The Honorable Sham L. Arano
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Page 213: APPENDIX C HEARING WITNESSES
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Page 219 and 220: Summary of Views <
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Page 223 and 224: highest in the Asia-Pacific region.
Page 225 and 226: to U.S. exports to India</s
Page 227 and 228: transparent sanitary regulations th
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Page 233: APPENDIX E POTENTIAL FOR U.S. AGRIC
Page 236 and 237: E-4 TABLE E.1 India</strong
Page 243: APPENDIX F INDIAN AGRICULTURAL PROD
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Page 252 and 253: Consumption India
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Page 265: APPENDIX G UNION AND STATE/UNION TE
Page 268 and 269: certain agricultural goods in the p
Page 270 and 271: Bibliography Chaulan, Shri U.K. “
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Page 277 and 278: Applied ad valorem tariff equivalen
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Page 281 and 282: Estimation of <str
Page 283 and 284: Bibliography Anderson, Kym, Mariann
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