India: Effects of Tariffs and Nontariff Measures on U.S. ... - USITC

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FIGURE 3.4 <strong>India</strong>: Share <strong>of</strong> food expenditure by food item in rural areas, fiscal year 2006/07 Other food items 25% Food grains 32% Beverages, processed food, <strong>and</strong> purchased meals 8% Sugar, salt, <strong>and</strong> spices 8% Vegetables 12% Milk <strong>and</strong> milk products 15% Source : Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, NSSO, Household Consumer Expenditure Among Socio- Economic Groups, 2006/07 , October 2008. FIGURE 3.5 <strong>India</strong>: Share <strong>of</strong> food expenditure by food item in urban areas, fiscal year 2006/07 Other food items 34% Food grains 23% Vegetables 10% Milk <strong>and</strong> milk products 18% Beverages, processed food, <strong>and</strong> purchased meals 15% Source: Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, NSSO, Household Consumer Expenditure Among Socio-Economic Groups, 2006/07 , October 2008. 3-12
Food Preferences <strong>India</strong> is a country <strong>of</strong> diverse food preferences that vary by region, religion, <strong>and</strong> income group. 36 One <strong>India</strong>n industry <strong>of</strong>ficial stated that “there are different consumer preferences every 50 kilometers.” 37 <strong>India</strong>ns typically consume unprocessed fresh foods with traditional ingredients, such as food grains, pulses, potatoes, edible oils, <strong>and</strong> <strong>India</strong>n spices. 38 Many fresh foods are seasonal, <strong>and</strong> consumers adjust their diets to what is available. 39 A preference for fresh foods also applies to items such as meat, which is usually bought freshly slaughtered. Anecdotal evidence suggests that <strong>India</strong>ns, even those with financial means, regularly tend to eat a relatively narrow variety <strong>of</strong> foods. 40 <strong>India</strong>n food consumption patterns generally change for holidays, which include festivals such as Diwali, 41 <strong>and</strong> special occasions, such as weddings. During the fall festive season, dem<strong>and</strong> peaks for specialty <strong>and</strong> high-value foods. 42 These special foods include <strong>India</strong>n sweetmeats as well as a variety <strong>of</strong> imported foods, such as chocolates, nuts, baked goods, <strong>and</strong> exotic fruits <strong>and</strong> juices. Outside <strong>of</strong> special occasions, as noted earlier, rising incomes have driven a generally steady rise in the consumption <strong>of</strong> nonstaple items, such as fruit, vegetables, <strong>and</strong> meat. 43 Although <strong>India</strong>ns may be slow to change their traditional diets, some multinational food companies are finding gradual success in the <strong>India</strong>n market. 44 Generally, Western-style foods have been slow to penetrate the <strong>India</strong>n market because <strong>of</strong> consumer preferences for fresh products <strong>and</strong> traditional ingredients. 45 Some multinational franchises (e.g., McDonald’s, Pizza Hut, <strong>and</strong> Subway) have exp<strong>and</strong>ed their presence in <strong>India</strong>, with menus <strong>of</strong>ten altered for <strong>India</strong>n tastes. For example, these restaurants serve no beef <strong>and</strong> little, if any, pork in their <strong>India</strong>n outlets. 46 Other adjustments include giving higher prominence to dairy products <strong>and</strong> spicy foods, as well as developing unique products specifically for the <strong>India</strong>n market. 47 The trend toward higher incomes <strong>and</strong> the large number <strong>of</strong> young adults 36 Industry representative, interview by Commission staff, Washington DC, April 30, 2009. 37 Industry representative, interview by Commission staff, Mumbai, <strong>India</strong>, June 1, 2009. 38 EIU, <strong>India</strong> Food, November 11, 2008; Singh, <strong>India</strong>: Retail Food Sector, December 21, 2006, 5; <strong>and</strong> Govindan <strong>and</strong> Dhankar, <strong>India</strong>: Exporter Guide, October 1, 2008, 5. 39 Singh, <strong>India</strong>: Retail Food Sector, December 21, 2006, 5; Govindan <strong>and</strong> Dhankar, <strong>India</strong>: Exporter Guide, October 1, 2008, 5. 40 Industry <strong>of</strong>ficial, interview by Commission staff, New Delhi, <strong>India</strong>, May 9, 2009; government <strong>of</strong>ficial, interview by Commission staff, New Delhi, <strong>India</strong>, May 26, 2009. 41 Diwali (the festival <strong>of</strong> lights) is one <strong>of</strong> the most important Hindu holidays <strong>and</strong> occurs in October or November. 42 Singh, <strong>India</strong>: Retail Food Sector, December 21, 2006, 5; Govindan, <strong>India</strong>: Exporter Guide, October 1, 2007, 5; <strong>and</strong> Govindan <strong>and</strong> Dhankar, <strong>India</strong>: Exporter Guide, October 1, 2008, 5. 43 USDA, ERS, Prospects for <strong>India</strong>’s Emerging Apple Market, January 2006, 5. 44 Reportedly, <strong>India</strong>n consumer preferences are slow to change, <strong>and</strong> it can take five to seven years for them to do so. Industry <strong>of</strong>ficial, interview by Commission staff, Mumbai, <strong>India</strong>, May 12, 2009. 45 Singh, <strong>India</strong>: Retail Food Sector, December 21, 2006, 5; Govindan <strong>and</strong> Dhankar, <strong>India</strong>: Exporter Guide, October 1, 2008, 5. 46 Industry representatives, interview by Commission staff, Mumbai, <strong>India</strong>, May 12, 2009, <strong>and</strong> June 2, 2009; industry representative, interview by Commission staff, New Delhi, <strong>India</strong>, May 8, 2009. 47 Industry representative, interview by Commission staff, Mumbai, <strong>India</strong>, May 12, 2009; industry representative, interview by Commission staff, New Delhi, <strong>India</strong>, May 8, 2009. 3-13
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United States International Trade C
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U.S. International Trade Commission
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Abstract This report describes <str
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TABLE ES.1 India:
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U.S. agricultural products face str
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U.S. Foreign Direct Investment U.S.
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CONTENTS Page Abstract ............
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 6 <str
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS―Continued Figures 1.1. <
Page 21 and 22: ACRONYMS AND TERMS AAY Antodaya Ann
Page 23: ACRONYMS AND TERMS—Continued RGGV
Page 26 and 27: TABLE 1.1 India: A
Page 28 and 29: FIGURE 1.1 India:
Page 30 and 31: India’s central
Page 32 and 33: Despite their weak economic pr<stro
Page 34 and 35: Approach Current India</str
Page 36 and 37: Bibliography Birner, Regina, Surupt
Page 38 and 39: World Bank. Agriculture for Develop
Page 46 and 47: premium); (2) India</strong
Page 48 and 49: include government export restricti
Page 54 and 55: Exports by Major Trading Partner <s
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 Domestic Consumption Over
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 3.2 India: P
Page 61 and 62: more likely to have been exposed to
Page 63 and 64: BOX 3.3 Indian Con
Page 65 and 66: TABLE 3.3 India: T
Page 67: are expected to see income growth <
Page 71 and 72: Regional Variation Geographic <stro
Page 73 and 74: CCC. “Know India
Page 75 and 76: CHAPTER 4 Indian A
Page 77 and 78: For most crops, however, In
Page 79 and 80: The Farm Sector soybeans 29 —but
Page 81 and 82: Food processing in India</s
Page 83 and 84: BOX 4.1 The Central Government’s
Page 85 and 86: BOX 4.2 Does the Minimum Support Pr
Page 87 and 88: August 3, 2009, New Delhi announced
Page 89 and 90: known as zamindars, have doubled or
Page 91 and 92: that the PFA Act was strictly enfor
Page 93 and 94: ———. Bharat Nirman: A Time-Bo
Page 95 and 96: Organisation for Economic Co-operat
Page 97 and 98: CHAPTER 5 TARIFFS Overview
Page 99 and 100: sensitive. They include vegetable f
Page 101 and 102: wholly milled rice and</str
Page 103 and 104: The Indian governm
Page 105 and 106: India also reporte
Page 107 and 108: Reference Prices Reference prices,
Page 109 and 110: Landing Fees <stro
Page 111 and 112: Simulated Effects
Page 113 and 114: and nuts” by $0.
Page 115 and 116: 5-19 TABLE 5.4 India</stron
Page 117 and 118: Bibliography Acharya, Keya. “Thor
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Indian Express.com
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CHAPTER 6 Nontariff</strong
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foreign sources. 6 For example, SPS
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BOX 6.1 Milk and M
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BOX 6.2 Wheat—Continued Yet, <str
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perpetuated continuously. The impor
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notices that must be integrated wit
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import corn under the TRQ is too bu
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Customs Procedures India</s
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Corruption Interests within <strong
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TABLE 6.2 India: E
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Bibliography American Apparel <stro
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Mattson, Jeremy W., Won, W. Koo, <s
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———. 2009 National Trade Esti
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TABLE 7.1 India: C
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First Point of Sal
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Private mandis Som
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approximately 65 million households
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7-10 TABLE 7.2 India</stron
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poor communications infrastructure
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limited popularity with farmers bec
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The lack of infras
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found that 39 percent of</s
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Bibliography Banerjee, A. Dairying
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Tiwari, Shri Rajendra Kumar. “Pos
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FDI Regulations and</strong
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TABLE 8.2 India: A
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Food Processing and</strong
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There is not necessarily a strong l
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For processing of
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BOX 8.3 Restrictions on Foreign Joi
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Under certain circumstances, FDI ca
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commenced. States tend to be quick
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Bibliography Bahn, Niti, an
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International Center for Alcohol Po
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Structure of the <
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BOX 9.1 The UPOV System for Plant V
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that the public sector in I
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Whether this situation will soon ch
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The U.S.-India Bus
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eggplant, which began field trials
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Maskus, Keith E. “Intellectual Pr
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APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
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The Honorable Sham L. Arano
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cprice-sewell on PRODPC61 with NOTI
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APPENDIX C HEARING WITNESSES
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ORGANIZATION AND WITNESS: Tuttle Ta
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Summary of Views <
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advertising and pr
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highest in the Asia-Pacific region.
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to U.S. exports to India</s
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transparent sanitary regulations th
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hotel and catering
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Western Pistachio Association 26 In
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APPENDIX E POTENTIAL FOR U.S. AGRIC
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E-4 TABLE E.1 India</strong
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APPENDIX F INDIAN AGRICULTURAL PROD
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TABLE F.1 India: A
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FIGURE F.1 India:
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is in nonirrigated areas with yield
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Consumption India
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efrigeration. This characteristic i
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70 percent of tota
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eportedly preferred in southern <st
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Cotton During MY 2003/04-2007/08, <
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Government of <str
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APPENDIX G UNION AND STATE/UNION TE
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certain agricultural goods in the p
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Bibliography Chaulan, Shri U.K. “
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Simulation Framework The effects <s
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Producers determine the optimal sup
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Applied ad valorem tariff equivalen
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We considered the possibility that
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Estimation of <str
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Bibliography Anderson, Kym, Mariann
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