India: Effects of Tariffs and Nontariff Measures on U.S. ... - USITC

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FIGURE 1.1 <strong>India</strong>: Flowchart <strong>of</strong> the agricultural system Exports (chapter 2) <strong>India</strong>n agricultural consumption (chapter 3) <strong>India</strong>n food marketing <strong>and</strong> distribution system (chapter 7) Dem<strong>and</strong> factors (e.g., price, income, preferences) (chapter 3) <strong>India</strong>n agricultural processing (chapter 4) Competitive factors (e.g., price, exchange rates, transportation costs) (chapter 2) 1-4 <strong>India</strong>n farm-level production (chapter 4) Domestic agricultural policies (e.g., APMC, MSP, input support) (chapter 4) FDI policies (e.g., investment caps, incentives) (chapter 8) <strong>and</strong> IPR policies (chapter 9) Trade policies <strong>Tariffs</strong> NTMs (e.g., SPS, customs) (chapters 5 <strong>and</strong> 6) FDI (chapter 8) Exports from U.S. (chapter 2) Exports from rest <strong>of</strong> the world (chapter 2) U.S. agricultural sector Source: Compiled by Commission staff.
Information on the factors that directly affect U.S. agricultural exports <strong>and</strong> firms is covered in chapters 5–8 <strong>of</strong> the report. Chapter 5 describes <strong>India</strong>’s tariff rates <strong>and</strong> tariff policies <strong>and</strong> provides quantitative estimates <strong>of</strong> what U.S. agricultural exports to <strong>India</strong> would have been in 2007 in a tariff-free environment. NTMs are described <strong>and</strong> analyzed in chapter 6, including quantitative estimates <strong>of</strong> what selected U.S. agricultural exports to <strong>India</strong> would have been in 2007 if certain NTMs had not been present. The <strong>India</strong>n food marketing <strong>and</strong> distribution system is covered in chapter 7, focusing on market <strong>and</strong> distribution conditions <strong>and</strong> deficiencies that affect the <strong>India</strong>n agricultural market, including U.S. agricultural exports <strong>and</strong> FDI. Chapter 8 provides an overview <strong>and</strong> analysis <strong>of</strong> current U.S. FDI in <strong>India</strong>, including regulations <strong>and</strong> other factors affecting U.S. agricultural firms operating in <strong>India</strong>. <strong>India</strong>n IPR policies <strong>and</strong> regulations, which primarily affect the U.S. seed industry, are described <strong>and</strong> analyzed in chapter 9. 10 Products covered in this investigation include all existing or potential U.S. agricultural product exports to <strong>India</strong>. Agricultural products in this study are defined to match those products covered in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture, part XIII, article 21. These include 768 six-digit product codes classified in the World Customs Organization harmonized system (HS)—specifically, HS chapters 1 to 24, excluding fish <strong>and</strong> fish products (HS chapter 3), 11 plus certain additional products in other HS chapters, such as milk proteins (HS chapter 35); hides, skins, <strong>and</strong> furs (HS chapters 41 <strong>and</strong> 43); wool (HS chapter 51); <strong>and</strong> cotton (HS chapter 52). As requested by the Committee, certain information presented in this report, including trends in trade, production, <strong>and</strong> consumption, covers the period 2003–08 or the period from 2003 to the latest year for which data are available. Longer-term data are used to explain important long-term trends. The descriptive <strong>and</strong> quantitative analysis <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>n trade measures <strong>and</strong> market conditions is based on the latest available information <strong>and</strong> data. <strong>India</strong>’s Policy Framework The Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>’s Eleventh Five Year Plan, covering the period 2007–12, identifies three core domestic agricultural policy objectives: food security, 12 food selfsufficiency, 13 <strong>and</strong> income support for farmers. 14 In order to meet these objectives, the <strong>India</strong>n government actively regulates the agricultural sector, including production, marketing, <strong>and</strong> consumption, in addition to international agricultural trade. 15 Broad government intervention in the agricultural sector is a response to substantial challenges facing <strong>India</strong>n policymakers. These challenges, as well as <strong>India</strong>’s responses to them, are described in more detail below. 10 Firms in other agricultural sectors did not identify IPR policies as critical to their trade or investment decisions. 11 Processed fish products classified in HS chapter 16 are also excluded from the WTO definition <strong>of</strong> agricultural products. 12 Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong>, Planning Commission, Eleventh Five Year Plan: 2007–12, vol. 3, 2008, 3–5, 25, 34, 26, 39, 51, 91. 13 Ibid., 17, 157. 14 Ibid., 4, 37. 15 The Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>India</strong> maintains highly interventionist agricultural policies, which include price support, insulation from world markets, rigorous trade restrictions, <strong>and</strong> support for the purchase <strong>of</strong> agricultural inputs. Mittal <strong>and</strong> Mukherjee, Food for Policy: Reforming Agriculture, 2008, 78. 1-5
Page 1 and 2: United States International Trade C
Page 3 and 4: U.S. International Trade Commission
Page 5: Abstract This report describes <str
Page 8 and 9: TABLE ES.1 India:
Page 10 and 11: U.S. agricultural products face str
Page 12 and 13: U.S. Foreign Direct Investment U.S.
Page 15 and 16: CONTENTS Page Abstract ............
Page 17 and 18: CONTENTS―Continued Chapter 6 <str
Page 19 and 20: CONTENTS―Continued Figures 1.1. <
Page 21 and 22: ACRONYMS AND TERMS AAY Antodaya Ann
Page 23: ACRONYMS AND TERMS—Continued RGGV
Page 26 and 27: TABLE 1.1 India: A
Page 30 and 31: India’s central
Page 32 and 33: Despite their weak economic pr<stro
Page 34 and 35: Approach Current India</str
Page 36 and 37: Bibliography Birner, Regina, Surupt
Page 38 and 39: World Bank. Agriculture for Develop
Page 40 and 41: FIGURE 2.1 India:
Page 46 and 47: premium); (2) India</strong
Page 48 and 49: include government export restricti
Page 54 and 55: Exports by Major Trading Partner <s
Page 57 and 58: CHAPTER 3 Domestic Consumption Over
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 3.2 India: P
Page 61 and 62: more likely to have been exposed to
Page 63 and 64: BOX 3.3 Indian Con
Page 65 and 66: TABLE 3.3 India: T
Page 67 and 68: are expected to see income growth <
Page 69 and 70: Food Preferences India</str
Page 71 and 72: Regional Variation Geographic <stro
Page 73 and 74: CCC. “Know India
Page 75 and 76: CHAPTER 4 Indian A
Page 77 and 78: For most crops, however, In
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The Farm Sector soybeans 29 —but
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Food processing in India</s
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BOX 4.1 The Central Government’s
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BOX 4.2 Does the Minimum Support Pr
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August 3, 2009, New Delhi announced
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known as zamindars, have doubled or
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that the PFA Act was strictly enfor
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———. Bharat Nirman: A Time-Bo
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Organisation for Economic Co-operat
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CHAPTER 5 TARIFFS Overview
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sensitive. They include vegetable f
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wholly milled rice and</str
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The Indian governm
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India also reporte
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Reference Prices Reference prices,
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Landing Fees <stro
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Simulated Effects
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and nuts” by $0.
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5-19 TABLE 5.4 India</stron
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Bibliography Acharya, Keya. “Thor
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Indian Express.com
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CHAPTER 6 Nontariff</strong
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foreign sources. 6 For example, SPS
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BOX 6.1 Milk and M
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BOX 6.2 Wheat—Continued Yet, <str
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perpetuated continuously. The impor
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notices that must be integrated wit
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import corn under the TRQ is too bu
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Customs Procedures India</s
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Corruption Interests within <strong
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TABLE 6.2 India: E
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Bibliography American Apparel <stro
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Mattson, Jeremy W., Won, W. Koo, <s
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———. 2009 National Trade Esti
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TABLE 7.1 India: C
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First Point of Sal
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Private mandis Som
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approximately 65 million households
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7-10 TABLE 7.2 India</stron
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poor communications infrastructure
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limited popularity with farmers bec
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The lack of infras
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found that 39 percent of</s
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Bibliography Banerjee, A. Dairying
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Tiwari, Shri Rajendra Kumar. “Pos
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FDI Regulations and</strong
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TABLE 8.2 India: A
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Food Processing and</strong
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There is not necessarily a strong l
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For processing of
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BOX 8.3 Restrictions on Foreign Joi
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Under certain circumstances, FDI ca
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commenced. States tend to be quick
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Bibliography Bahn, Niti, an
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International Center for Alcohol Po
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Structure of the <
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BOX 9.1 The UPOV System for Plant V
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that the public sector in I
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Whether this situation will soon ch
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The U.S.-India Bus
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eggplant, which began field trials
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Maskus, Keith E. “Intellectual Pr
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APPENDIX A REQUEST LETTER
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The Honorable Sham L. Arano
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cprice-sewell on PRODPC61 with NOTI
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APPENDIX C HEARING WITNESSES
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ORGANIZATION AND WITNESS: Tuttle Ta
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Summary of Views <
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advertising and pr
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highest in the Asia-Pacific region.
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to U.S. exports to India</s
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transparent sanitary regulations th
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hotel and catering
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Western Pistachio Association 26 In
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APPENDIX E POTENTIAL FOR U.S. AGRIC
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E-4 TABLE E.1 India</strong
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Page 240 and 241:
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APPENDIX F INDIAN AGRICULTURAL PROD
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TABLE F.1 India: A
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FIGURE F.1 India:
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is in nonirrigated areas with yield
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Consumption India
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efrigeration. This characteristic i
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70 percent of tota
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eportedly preferred in southern <st
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Cotton During MY 2003/04-2007/08, <
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Government of <str
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APPENDIX G UNION AND STATE/UNION TE
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certain agricultural goods in the p
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Bibliography Chaulan, Shri U.K. “
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Simulation Framework The effects <s
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Producers determine the optimal sup
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Applied ad valorem tariff equivalen
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We considered the possibility that
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Estimation of <str
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Bibliography Anderson, Kym, Mariann
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