fm 44-100 us army air and missile defense operations

FM 44-100
systems require lift to the area of operations to provide early air and missile
defense protection of the POD, LOC, and lodgment area. ADA systems must
deploy rapidly and in sufficient numbers to defeat the threat. During the entry
stage, ADA counters enemy RSTA, air, and missile attack operations.
Long-range DCA is normally the responsibility of Navy, Marine Corps, or Air
Force air assets, but ADA provides the only protection against TMs, UAVs,
and helicopters. This multiservice air and missile defense requires integration
of the ADA concept of operations into the joint counterair and TMD
plans.
6-91. ADA must accompany the force, particularly in regions where large distances
are traversed in a short period of time, during expansion of the lodgment.
ADA systems must be highly mobile to provide the force the low- and
medium-altitude protection required during rapid movement. Counter-RSTA
remains an imperative. Employment of additional ADA strengthens the air
and missile defenses at the lodgment area and the logistics base.
6-92. ADA shifts emphasis from counter-RSTA to force protection during the
operations stage. The operation either terminates successfully or escalates
into operations similar to those of an established theater. If escalation occurs,
additional ADA must deploy and integrate with the ADA resources previously
deployed to sustain air and missile defense operations.
6-93. Whether supporting close, deep, or rear operations, the ADA commander
at all levels develops and refines the ADA concept of operations to
achieve the objectives of all tactical-level air and missile defense planning.
The ADA commander's objective is to provide the force with sustained, low- to
high-altitude air and missile defense of priority forces and assets throughout
the battlefield. When developing the concept of operations, the ADA commander
considers the specific characteristics of the operation and the approved
air and missile defense priorities. The commander also assesses the
potential contributions of joint counterair, TMD, and non-ADA Army resources.
After considering the individual and combined capabilities of all
available ADA resources, the ADA commander effects the necessary coordination
to integrate and synchronize their contributions with the supported
force's concept of operations.
6-94. The ADA concept of operations in close operations focuses on the protection
of the maneuver force and reserves. ADA protection is weighted toward
the main effort. In close operations, ADA and other members of the combined
arms team focus their air defense efforts on defeating enemy attack helicopters
and UAVs while retaining the tactical flexibility to destroy attacking
fixed-wing aircraft. The combination of ADA and combined arms fires significantly
increases friendly force effectiveness. A result of this synergistic effect
is that the force kills more enemy air, loses fewer systems, and gains greater
freedom to maneuver.
6-95. ADA must maneuver with the force to provide low-altitude protective
fires in deep operations. Overwatch ADA fires may come from supporting
longer-range ADA resources. As in close operations, maneuver elements may
also engage air threats with their organic weapons systems. The ADA commander
must integrate supporting Air Force and Army aviation fires whenever
possible. Air and missile defense assets may consist of only SHORAD
6-21