fm 44-100 us army air and missile defense operations

FM 44-100
Passive missile defense
3-9. Passive missile defense applies to measures initiated to reduce
vulnerability to TM attack and to minimize the effect of damage caused by
TM attack. Passive missile defense includes TM early warning and NBC
protection, counter-surveillance, deception, camouflage and concealment,
hardening, electronic warfare, mobility, dispersal, redundancy, recovery, and
reconstitution.
Active missile defense
3-10. Active missile defense applies to operations initiated to protect against
a TM attack by destroying TM airborne launch platforms and/or destroying
TMs in flight. Active missile defense includes a multilayered defense in depth
via multiple engagements using air, land, and sea assets. It also includes
active electronic warfare to disrupt remote or onboard guidance systems.
Attack operations
3-11. Attack operations destroy, disrupt, or neutralize TM launch platforms
and supporting command, control, and communications (C3) nodes, logistic
structures, and RSTA platforms. Attack operations include offensive action
by air, land, sea, and special operations forces.
Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence
3-12. TMD C4I is an integrated system of doctrine, procedures,
organizational structures, facilities, communications, computers, and
supporting intelligence. It includes missile warning and cueing of defense
systems by sensors and ground stations. C4I provides command authorities
timely and accurate data and systems to plan, monitor, direct, control, and
report TMD operations.
AIRSPACE CONTROL AND AIR DEFENSE INTEGRATION
3-13. Airspace control. Airspace control increases operational effectiveness
by promoting the safe, efficient, and flexible use of airspace. Detailed
guidance for airspace control is provided in Joint Pub 3-52. The joint force
commander normally designates an airspace control authority (ACA) to
coordinate and integrate use of the airspace. Airspace control is vital to all air
operations and must include procedures to facilitate routing and recognition
of friendly aircraft. Establishment of identification and weapon engagement
zones and routing of non-combat air traffic are planned to permit maximum
use of air defense resources while minimizing restrictions on other
operations. Airspace control measures can decrease the possibility of
fratricide and enable the rapid identification of approaching air threats.
3-4
3-14. Air defense integration. Conduct of the JTAMD battle requires the
integrated operation of all available air defense weapon systems. Within a
unified command, subordinate unified command, or joint task force, the JFC
will assign overall responsibility for air defense to a single commander
designated the area air defense commander (AADC). Normally, this will be
the component commander with the preponderance of air defense capability
and the command, control, and communications capability to plan and