fm 44-100 us army air and missile defense operations

FM 44-100
4-106. Army commanders normally seek to engage threat forces
simultaneously throughout the depth of the AO. The commander weights the
main effort with sufficient, sustained combat power to win the decisive
battles and allocates enough combat power to supporting efforts to ensure
overall victory. Force agility, initiative, and synchronized operations
throughout the width and depth of the battlefield characterizes ADA
operations. Counter-RSTA and force protection remains crucial to the
multinational, joint, and Army commanders' plans. Commanders conduct
their operations with a sound logistical foundation integrated with their
concept of combat operations. Countering helicopters increases in importance
during the operations phase. Ensuring freedom to maneuver and minimizing
casualties for the force are two of the primary objectives of air defense.
4-107. ADA commanders must use the same types of planning processes used
by the supported force. This facilitates understanding and synchronization.
Naturally the factors which go into the planning process for ADA units will
be task organized to their mission and capabilities. ADA commanders use
employment principles and guidelines to design air and missile defenses.
When applying these principles and guidelines, planners must consider the
tactical and technical capabilities of each weapon and sensor system as well
as the relevant factors of METT-TC, IPB, and the air and missile defense
priorities.
Air Defense Artillery Employment Principles
4-108. Commanders apply four principles when planning active air and
missile defense operations. These principles are mass, mix, mobility, and
integration.
4-109. Mass is the concentration of air and missile defense combat power. It
is achieved by assigning enough firepower to successfully defend the force or
the asset against air and missile attack or surveillance. To mass air and
missile defense combat power, commanders may have to accept risks in other
areas of the battlefield.
4-110. Mix is the employment of a combination of weapon and sensor systems
to protect the force and assets from the threat. Mix offsets the limitations of
one system with the capabilities of another and complicates the situation for
the attacker. All joint and multinational arms resources are considered when
applying this principle. Proper mix causes the enemy to adjust their tactics.
Enemy tactics designed to defeat one system may make the enemy vulnerable
to another friendly system.
4-111. Mobility is the capability to move from place to place while retaining
the ability to perform the air defense mission. The mobility of air and missile
defense resources must be equivalent to the mobility of the supported force.
First priority for mobility should be planning moves that support
accomplishment of the mission. Tactical situations may dictate additional
moves to enhance survivability. Strategic mobility is essential to support
force-projection operations.
4-112. Integration is the close coordination of effort and unity of action,
which maximizes operational effectiveness. It is applicable, regardless of
command relationships established. Active air and missile defense operations
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