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96 117 S 1,2 1,2 1 1,3 4 - 1 1,5 1 1 1,6 1 1 2 3 JST, CREST 4 5 6 MRC Corticothalamic projection neurons (CTNs) in the cerebral cortex constitute an important component of the thalamocortical reciprocal circuit, an essential input/output organization for cortical information processing. However, the spatial organization of local excitatory connections to CTNs is only partially understood. Here, applying a newly developed adenoviral vector, we retrogradely visualized almost all layer (L) 6 CTNs from their cell bodies to fine dendritic spines in the rat barrel cortex. In cortical slices containing visualized L6 CTNs, we intracellularly stained single L2/3, L4, L5, and L6 pyramidal/ spiny neurons and morphologically examined their local connections to CTNs. The CTNs received strong and focused connections from the L4 neurons just above them, and the most numerous nearby and distant sources of local excitatory connections to CTNs were CTNs themselves and L6 putative corticocortical neurons, respectively. The present results suggest that, through CTNs, L4 neurons together with L6 neurons may serve to modulate thalamic activity. S Recurrent connection selectivity of layer V pyramidal cells in frontal cortex 1,2 1,2 1 2 Pyramidal cells in the neocortex are differentiated into several subgroups based on their extracortical projection targets. However, little is known regarding the relative intracortical connectivity of pyramidal cells specialized for their targets. We used paired recordings and quantitative morphological analysis to reveal distinct synaptic transmission properties, connection patterns, and morphological differentiation of rat frontal cortex. Retrograde tracers were used to label two projection subtypes in L5: crossedcorticostriatal (CCS) cells projecting to both sides of the striatum, and corticopontine (CPn) cells projecting to the ipsilateral pons. Although CPn/CPn and CCS/CCS pairs had similar connection probabilities, CPn/CPn pairs exhibited greater reciprocal connectivity, stronger unitary synaptic transmission, and more facilitation of paired-pulse responses. These synaptic characteristics were strongly correlated to the projection subtypes. CPn and CCS cells were further differentiated in their dendritic/ axonal arborization. Together, our data demonstrate that the pyramidal projection system is segregated according to subcortical target. S A Hz Oscillation Synchronizes Prefrontal, VTA, and Hippocampal Activities during Working memory Gyorgy Buzsaki Rutgers University Network oscillations support transient communication across brain structures. We show here, in rats, that task-related neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and ventral tegmental area (VTA), regions critical for working memory, is coordinated by a 4-Hz oscillation. A prominent increase of power and coherence of the 4-Hz oscillation in the PFC and VTA and its phase-modulation of gamma power in both structures was present during working memory. Subsets of both the PFC and hippocampal neurons predicted the turn choices of the rat. The goal-predicting PFC pyramidal neurons were more strongly phase-locked to both 4-Hz and hippocampal theta oscillations than non-predicting cells. The 4-Hz and theta oscillations were phase-coupled and jointly modulated both gamma waves and neuronal spikes in the PFC, VTA and hippocampus. Thus, multiplexed timing mechanisms in the PFC- VTA-hippocampus axis may support processing of information, including working memory. S Development of orientation and direction selectivity in the mouse visual cortex 1,2 Nathalie Rochefort 2 Christine Grienberger 2 Nima Marandi 2 Daniel Hill 2 Arthur Konnerth 2 1 2 Inst. Neuroscience, Technical Univ. Munich Functional features of the cortical neurons such as direction selectivity (DS) in the visual cortex are established during development. Previous studies of the ferret visual cortex implied that experience-dependent plasticity of local circuits in the cortex contributed to the development of DS. In spite of their usefulness, it has been less understood that how the rodent visual system develops. Here we used two-photon Ca 2+ imaging to study the development of DS in layer 2/3 neurons of the mouse visual cortex in vivo. At eyeopening, nearly all orientation-selective neurons were also directionselective. DS developed normally in dark-reared mice, indicating that the early development of DS is independent of vision. Furthermore, remarkable functional similarities existed between the development of DS in cortical neurons and the previously reported development of DS in the mouse retina. Together, these findings suggest a new experience-independent circuit mechanism for the development of DS in the mammalian brain. Since rodents lack columnar organization in the visual cortex, difference in the local connectivity may explain different developmental profile between species.
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