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76 117 S Underlying mechanism that generates a phase wave in the mammalian circadian center 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 S 1,2 1 2 The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the center of the mammalian circadian rhythm. Individual oscillating neurons have diverse endogenous circadian periods but usually they are synchronized by intercellular coupling mechanism. In the present study, we artificially disrupted the intercellular coupling among oscillating neurons in the SCN and observed the regional differences of the period of the oscillating small-latticed regions on the SCN by using a transgenic rat bearing a luciferase reporter gene driven by regulatory elements from a per2 clock gene (Per2::dluc rat). The analysis divided the SCN into two regions; one region showing periods less than 24h (SPR) and another region showing periods longer than 24 hours (LPR). The SPR lies in the medial smaller region of the dorsal SCN and the LPR occupied the remaining larger region. Interestingly, the SPR corresponds well with the region in which the phase wave in the SCN is launched. Further, we introduced a mathematical model in order to investigate the kinetics of the oscillators and the function of the short period region in the SCN. in vivo Multiunit nueral activityin vivo MUA Clock MUA - S 1 - 1997 1988 S 1,2 1 2 JST, We spend almost one third of our life time just to sleep. Sleep/ wakefulness cycle is a very intriguing physiological phenomenon. However, the mechanism regulating sleep/wakefulness cycle has not been completely understood so far. Although orexin neurons in the hypothalamus have a crucial role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness, how orexin neuronal activity promotes wakefulness is incompletely understood. To further examine the role of orexin neuronal activity in sleep/wakefulness regulation, we generated transgenic mice in which orexin neurons expressed halorhodopsin, an orange light-activated chloride ion pump. Slice patch clamp recordings of orexin neurons demonstrated that photic illumination hyperpolarized and reduced the discharge rate of orexin neurons in a wavelength- and intensity-dependent manner. Acute silencing of orexin neurons in vivo by orange light illumination decreased electromyography power and increased the delta frequency in the electroencephalogram, indicative of slow wave sleep, and was timeof-day dependent. These findings suggest that activation of orexin neurons is necessary to keep animals awake during the light period.
117 77 S GSK3β glycogen synthase kinase 3β GSK3β REVERBαBmaL1 Polg DNA S II 19 1950 1980 cytochrome C oxidase targeting signal 21 S 1,2 1 2 1 2 Cyanidioschyzon merolae 12 μm 100% MD/PD ER VIG1 S mtDNA mtDNA HG D Lancet 1998HG D4a Hum Genet 2007; PLoS One 2009mtDNA HG N9a 2 Am J Hum Genet 2007 Diabetes 2007 HG N9b Hum Genet 2007HG A Mitochondrion 2007 HG A HG M7a J Atheroscler Thromb 2010 HG G1 HG F Br J Sports Med 2010mtDNA
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