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The Suppression <strong>of</strong> Alternative Medical Therapies 13<br />

Sadly, in this supposed age <strong>of</strong> enlightenment, the ridicule <strong>of</strong> the medical<br />

orthodoxy <strong>and</strong> a rigid system <strong>of</strong> testing <strong>and</strong> approval (calcified by the<br />

same suspicions <strong>of</strong> alternative therapies that plagued discoveries for centuries)<br />

keeps these treatments from ill patients who might benefit from<br />

them, as De Felice, Director <strong>of</strong> the Foundation for Innovation in Medicine,<br />

in 1987, lamented:<br />

One <strong>of</strong> the tragedies <strong>of</strong> our times is that over the past 20 years, a pervasive<br />

<strong>and</strong> aggressive regulating system has evolved that has effectively<br />

blocked the caring clinical innovator at nearly every step. Let there<br />

be no doubt that we have quietly, but effectively, eliminated the Louis<br />

Pasteurs <strong>of</strong> our great country.<br />

DR. HORROBIN'S CALL FOR AN END<br />

TO THE SUPPRESSION OF INNOVATION<br />

The Journal <strong>of</strong> the American Medical Association (JAMA) in March,<br />

1990, published selections from the first International Congress on Peer<br />

Review in Biomedical Publications. Dr. David Horrobin presented "The<br />

Philosophical Basis <strong>of</strong> Peer Review <strong>and</strong> The Suppression <strong>of</strong> Innovation,"<br />

a classic presentation. Dr. Horrobin stressed that the ultimate aim <strong>of</strong> peer<br />

review in biomedical science cannot differ from the ultimate aim <strong>of</strong><br />

medicine—"to cure sometimes, to relieve <strong>of</strong>ten, to comfort always."<br />

(Believed to be a French folk saying <strong>of</strong> medieval origin, this beautifully<br />

simplistic description <strong>of</strong> medicine's intent is inscribed on the statue <strong>of</strong><br />

Edward Trudeau at Saranac Lake, New York.)<br />

Dr. Horrobin stated that the purpose <strong>of</strong> peer review should be nothing<br />

less than to facilitate the introduction <strong>of</strong> improvements in curing, relieving<br />

<strong>and</strong> comforting. Even in the fields <strong>of</strong> biomedical research that are<br />

remote from clinical practice, the peer reviewer should always ask<br />

whether the proposed innovation could realistically lead to improvements<br />

in the treatment <strong>of</strong> patients.<br />

He notes the necessity for a creative tension between innovation on the<br />

one h<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> quality control on the <strong>other</strong>. The innovators who generate<br />

the future are <strong>of</strong>ten impatient with the precision <strong>and</strong> systematic approach<br />

<strong>of</strong> the quality controllers. On the <strong>other</strong> h<strong>and</strong>, the quality controllers are<br />

<strong>of</strong>ten exasperated by the seeming lack <strong>of</strong> discipline <strong>and</strong> predictability <strong>of</strong><br />

the innovators. If either side dominates, research progress falters.<br />

The public is the ultimate source <strong>of</strong> money for medical research. They<br />

agree to this use <strong>of</strong> their money for the sole purpose <strong>of</strong> improving their<br />

medical care. When improvement does not progress satisfactorily, support<br />

for medical research (<strong>and</strong> medical journals) will dwindle. The public<br />

wants satisfactory progress; if such progress is not forthcoming, the pre-

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