Financing Child Care in the United States - Ewing Marion Kauffman ...

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ALLOCATING PUBLIC REVENUES CRIME PREVENTION AND JUSTICE SUPPORT OUR STUDENTS (SOS) (NORTH CAROLINA) DESCRIPTION The mission of the Support Our Students Initiative, or SOS, is to prevent juvenile crime by rallying communities around their young people, helping to steer them away from trouble and into positive, constructive activities. SOS provides middle school youth in North Carolina with after–school programs, offering homework help and enrichment activities. WHEN ESTABLISHED SOS was proposed by Governor James B. Hunt (D) and approved by the General Assembly in 1994. The first 52 participating counties received initial funding in 1994. ANNUAL AMOUNT In FY1999, SOS was supported by state general funds in the amount of $7.25 million. Since the inception of SOS, more than $5 million in additional cash and in–kind contributions from local civic and community groups, businesses, schools and individuals has been leveraged, as well as more than 100,000 hours of volunteer time. SERVICES PROVIDED The program includes academic/homework help and a variety of recreational and cultural activities. SOS recruits community volunteers to provide positive adult role models. Most program activities are free, although there may be a fee charged for some specific activities, such as field trips. HOW FUNDS DISTRIBUTED A competitive Request for Proposals (RFP) process was originally used to distribute funding to local partnerships. Should additional funding become available, this process will be repeated. Grant recipients include YMCAs, Boys and Girls Clubs, 4–H Clubs and churches. No specific match is required, although 93 percent of SOS programs received some level of in–kind funding. The amount of funding received by county partnerships varied from $60,000 to $250,000, with the average grant award being $75,000. STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS • Support Our Students uses specific performance indicators as a way of measuring success. These include: reduction in absences from school, decreases in out–of–school suspension, increases in overall grade–point averages and reduction in juvenile crime. A formal program evaluation was completed in March, 2000, which indicated that the presence of SOS programs is related to a county’s success in improving its young people’s well–being, based on improvement in the performance indicators listed above. • North Carolina holds Blue Ribbon Day annually as a way to recognize the success of students, volunteers and business leaders in the SOS program. The governor presents special awards, which raises community awareness of the initiative and the importance of community participation. • The program grew rapidly, and a variety of assistance was needed by contractors. As a way to provide this help, a contract was developed with 4–H. This contract funds technical assistance and the development of a training curriculum. OTHER SITES WITH SIMILAR STRATEGIES After–school programming includes different emphases and is funded in various ways. This catalog also profiles Hawaii’s A+ Program (page 92), New Hampshire’s PlusTime (page 77), and California’s After School Learning and Safe Neighborhood Partnership Act (page 94). CONTACT Monnie McCracken Office of Juvenile Justice 1801 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699 Phone (919) 733 3388 Fax (919) 715 7920/ 733 5838 E–mail monnie.mccracken@ncmail.net POPULATION SERVED Support Our Students provides after–school programming to more than 13,000 youth in 79 counties at more than 200 sites. 101
YOUTH CRIME PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION (COLORADO) DESCRIPTION The Youth Crime Prevention and Intervention (YCPI) grant program makes state funds available to community–based crime and violence prevention or intervention services that target children, youth and their families. At least 20 percent of these funds have been designated for children less than 9 years old. WHEN ESTABLISHED YCPI was established in 1994. The 20 percent set–aside for the children's initiatives was established in 1996. ANNUAL AMOUNT A total of $8.37 million in state general revenue was appropriated for YCPI in state fiscal year 1999–2000. At least $1.4 million of this (the 20 percent set–aside) was to be spent for children's initiatives. SERVICES FUNDED YCPI funds are intended to help expand existing programs or to start new ones. The programs must demonstrate the ability to reduce risk factors for later crime or promote protective interventions. Some examples include efforts that seek to strengthen the bond with parents or other adults, promote healthy belief systems and clear standards of behavior, and improve family literacy and school success. The types of children's initiatives that have been funded include school–age child care start–up grants, a nurse (shared by several early childhood programs) to conduct home visiting, a parent mentoring program, a summer reading program in the public schools and training for staff who work with children who are at risk for later crime or are exposed to violence. HOW FUNDS DISTRIBUTED Applications are reviewed by an 11–member board (appointed by the governor and the legislature). Awards are recommended by the board and approved by the governor. The Colorado Department of Local Affairs, Community Partnership Office, administers contracts and monitors compliance. POPULATION SERVED The initiative is designed to serve youth and their families, in an effort to reduce crime and violence. There are no income guidelines. Rather, funding requests are expected to compete with one another on the basis of their ability to effectively address risk and protective factors in communities of high need. STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS • In response to growing juvenile violence, the governor proposed several crime prevention strategies as well as a host of detention strategies. Several key members of the legislature agreed with him and were convinced that early intervention (such as Head Start, school–age child care, parenting initiatives, home visiting and other community service strategies) could make a difference. • The 20 percent set–aside sends a clear message to child care and early education organizations that they can play an important role in crime prevention, and it encourages them to develop new intervention strategies and community partnerships. • Colorado has found that securing funds for early education and intervention as a crime prevention strategy is difficult. YCPI is still only a small grants program, and it was established due to the leadership of a few people. • Data that demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy are needed. To this end, the state legislature set aside 1 percent of the YCPI appropriation to conduct a longitudinal evaluation of the program. • The initiative has been very visible in several communities and resulted in a group of teens who are able to speak directly to legislators about the program’s effectiveness. OTHER SITES WITH SIMILAR STRATEGIES No other programs demonstrating this strategy are known. CONTACTS Esperanza Y. Zachman, Director Community Partnership Office Colorado Department of Local Affairs 1313 Sherman Street, #323 Denver, CO 80203 Phone (303) 866 4900 Fax (303) 866 4992 E–mail ey.zachman@state.co.us Barbara O’Brien, Executive Director Colorado Children’s Campaign 225 East 16th Avenue, Suite B300 Denver, CO 80203 Phone (303) 839 1580 Fax (303) 839 1354 E–mail 73554.1007@compuserve.com 102
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FINANCING CHILD CARE IN THE UNITED
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FINANCING CHILD CARE IN THE UNITED
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ABOUT THE GRANTEE PHILADELPHIA CITI
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:02 ALLOCATING PUBLIC REVENUES 54 O
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HOW TO USE THIS CATALOG This catalo
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DIFFERENT EXPECTATIONS The expectat
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03 LONG-TERM THINKING Successful st
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LEVERAGING Matching and leveraging
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TAXES Income taxes are the major so
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EMPLOYER INCOME TAXES Twenty-five s
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LOCAL PROPERTY TAXES CHILDREN’S S
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GENERATING PUBLIC REVENUE LOCAL PRO
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GENERATING PUBLIC REVENUE SALES AND
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TAX CREDITS, DEDUCTIONS AND EXEMPTI
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GENERATING PUBLIC REVENUE TAX CREDI
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GENERATING PUBLIC REVENUE FEES OTHE
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GENERATING PUBLIC REVENUE FEES •
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GENERATING PUBLIC REVENUE LOTTERIES
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PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS COMMUNI
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PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS COMMUNI
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CAPITAL INVESTMENT PARTNERSHIPS CHI
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PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS CAPITAL
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LOOKING TO THE FUTURE TAX POLICY Th
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LOOKING TO THE FUTURE THE HOME MORT
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LOOKING TO THE FUTURE HIGHER EDUCAT
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APPENDIX 174
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WHAT YOU OWN Property taxes on real
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INDEX 178
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Child Care Scholarship Fund of the
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lotteries and gaming, 14 Neighborho
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Area, Kansas and Missouri), 133—1
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income tax provisions for child car
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