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What's new in this initiative? To date, no international diagnostic trial dealing with more than nutrient deficiencies and responses has been conducted to evaluate the effects of different crop management components on maize yield across the farming systems targeted in this initiative. A network of maize agronomists will enhance research capacity in target countries. The diagnostic trials should prove useful to farmers and extension agents as aids to learning and will likely be incorporated into the work of national partners. Cutting‐edge sensor technology for diagnosing nutrient needs will be introduced to small‐scale farmers in the developing world. Targets and impact estimates Fourteen systems will be included in this initiative (Figure 5). Given the leverage of new communication tools, we estimate that by 2020, 2 million farmers in Asia and Latin America will have increased their maize yields and profitability, and 15 million by 2030. In Africa, 500,000 farmers will have adopted higher‐yielding practices by 2020 and 5 million by 2030. In the higher‐yielding environments of Asia and Latin America this will result in average yield increases of 15%, while reducing farmers’ use of nitrogen fertilizer by 25%. In the more variable and lower‐yielding environments of sub‐Saharan Africa, the trials and decision guides will lower farmers’ productions risks and boost their input use, with a minimum average yield increase of 25%. These advances will translate into 1.2 million tons more maize grain by 2020 and 9.6 million tons by 2030, and they will be accompanied by savings of at least 150,000 tons of nitrogen fertilizer in 2020, and 600,000 tons in 2030. The total value of these benefits will amount to USD 240 million per year in 2020 and USD 1.8 billion in 2030. Other isssues Gender The gender of farmers participating in and evaluating the exploratory diagnostic trials will be one of the variables recorded. Where possible, feedback on the trials will be assessed separately for female and male farmers, to understand and address gender‐specific constraints. These observations will then feed into the design of the research to overcome the limitations identified in the diagnostic trials, and again the gender disaggregated data on possible solutions and options will be used to evaluate and define research directions. Capacity building Capacity building will be an important component of the SI, and will include knowledge development in farming communities and among change agents on the factors limiting crop productivity. Research partners will receive training on potential and innovative solutions to productivity limitations, on the management of efficient applied research programs and on the use of the outputs of simulation models to enhance ex ante analysis of research directions. 102
References FAO 2002. Fertilizer Use by Crop. 5th ed. Rome: FAO in collaboration with IFA, IFDC, IPI, PPI. FAO 2004. Fertilizer Development in Support of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). Paper presented at FAO Twenty‐third regional conference for Africa, 1–5 March, Johannesburg, South Africa. Kelly, V. 2006. Farmers’ demand for fertilizer in sub‐Saharan Africa. Discussion Paper 23. Agriculture and Rural Development. The World Bank, Washington, DC. Raun, W.R. and Johnson, G.V. 1999. Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. Agron. J. 91: 357–363. Raun, W.R., Solie, J.B., Johnson, G.V., Stone, M.L., Mullen, R.W., Freeman, K.W., Thomason, W.E. and Lukina, E.V. 2002. Improving nitrogen use efficiency in cereal grain production with optical sensing and variable rate application. Agron. J. 94: 815–820. 103
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MAIZE ‐ Global Alliance for Impro
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Abbreviations 1 AFLP CA CBO CEO CGI
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Executive summary Recurrent food pr
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All SIs include capacity building t
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essentially the same land area whil
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Competing uses for a staple grain A
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Figure 3. Annual global yield fluct
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environments and capacity building.
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productivity while reversing widesp
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Target Group 3: Poor consumers and
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poverty reduction, food insecurity,
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Methods Innovative approaches to a
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Methods Aggressive development, va
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Outcomes Novel tools will empower N
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Based on the maize systems describe
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Program‐level product delivery Pr
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Impact pathways Impact pathways are
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Outcomes for MAIZE as a whole shown
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The portfolio of Strategic Initiati
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Table 2. Summary of impacts of MAIZ
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allocate their time to more product
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fall short of making up the differe
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Priority setting to plan future rev
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Strategic Initiative SI 2. Sustaina
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Strategic Initiative SI 4. Stress t
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Strategic Initiative SI 7. Nutritio
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Partnership principles While the pa
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Based on current staff and partner
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Oversight Committee: This committee
Page 60 and 61: Review and refine priorities, targe
Page 62 and 63: Price Trade Policy REDD, PES, Reser
Page 64 and 65: CGIAR Research Program Outputs from
Page 66 and 67: Climate change strategy The impact
Page 68 and 69: Process monitoring will include par
Page 70 and 71: Given the high costs and difficulti
Page 72 and 73: the uptake of outputs and the inten
Page 74 and 75: CIMMYT has developed such partnersh
Page 76 and 77: 12. Decision makers understand and
Page 78 and 79: Scaling up and out of methodologies
Page 80 and 81: Bilateral funding: Following the Co
Page 82 and 83: Table 7A. Income and expenses for S
Page 84 and 85: Expenses by Strategic Initiative: T
Page 86 and 87: References Alston, M.J., Norton, W.
Page 88 and 89: MAIZE Strategic Initiatives Strateg
Page 90 and 91: Targeting resource‐poor farmers i
Page 92 and 93: Knowledge of the structure and func
Page 94 and 95: 2014: Analysis of policy options an
Page 96 and 97: Strategic Initiative 2. Sustainable
Page 98 and 99: stress‐tolerant germplasm, better
Page 100 and 101: Researchable issues Effective appr
Page 102 and 103: Key milestones 2011: Maize‐based
Page 104 and 105: Modernizing agriculture through use
Page 106 and 107: coherent exploratory diagnostic tri
Page 108 and 109: universities, the private sector (i
Page 112 and 113: Strategic Initiative 4. Stress‐to
Page 114 and 115: (mycotoxins) also contaminate grain
Page 116 and 117: CIMMYT and IITA breeding programs a
Page 118 and 119: Institutional weaknesses affecting
Page 120 and 121: Research and development partners C
Page 122 and 123: What's new in this initiative? Dro
Page 124 and 125: Gerpacio, R.V. and Pingali, P.L. 20
Page 126 and 127: gain per year. The physiological ba
Page 128 and 129: Intellectual property management of
Page 130 and 131: Other producer‐ or consumer‐rel
Page 132 and 133: considered “women’s” crops, a
Page 134 and 135: subtropical, mid‐altitude, transi
Page 136 and 137: mycotoxin monitoring capacity of re
Page 138 and 139: 4. Hubs and protocols to phenotype
Page 140 and 141: Assuming that low‐cost storage fa
Page 142 and 143: Mugo, S., Likhayo, P., Karaya, H.,
Page 144 and 145: More than two‐thirds of the globa
Page 146 and 147: Commercial QPM seed is currently av
Page 148 and 149: Outputs 1. High‐throughput and lo
Page 150 and 151: Linkages with other SIs SI 7 will m
Page 152 and 153: Meenakshi JV, Johnson N, Manyong V,
Page 154 and 155: Compared with the genomes of other
Page 156 and 157: Breeding programs will achieve more
Page 158 and 159: Strategic Initiative 9. New tools a
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Through collaboration among CIMMYT,
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o Generating predictive power of ha
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generated from CIMMYT and IITA bree
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Strategic Initiatives 1-9. Summary
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Techniques of good quality seed pro
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Annex 1. Population, poor and maize
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Bolivia, CIF Botswana, Department A
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Swaziland, Ministry of Agriculture
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India, Meerut, Sardar Vallabah Bhai
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Uganda, NASECO Seeds 1996 Ltd Ugand
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Annex 3. Impact pathways for MAIZE:
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Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 4. Instit
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Annex 4. CIMMYT maize mega‐enviro
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