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Meenakshi JV, Johnson N, Manyong V, De Groote H, Javelosa J, Yanggen D, Neher F, Gonzalez C, Garcia J, Meng E. 2006. How cost‐effective is biofortification in combating micronutrient malnutrition? An ex‐ante assessment. World Development 38: 64–75. Naqvi, S., Zhu, C., Farre, G., Ramessar, K., Bassie, L., Breitenbach, J., Perez Conesa, D., Ros, G., Sandmann, G., Capell, T. and Christou, P. 2009. Transgenic multivitamin corn through biofortification of endosperm with three vitamins representing three distinct metabolic pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 7762–7767. Ortiz‐Monasterio, J.I., Palacios‐Rojas, N., Meng, E., Pixley, K., Trethowan, R. and Peña, R.J. 2007. Enhancing the mineral and vitamin content of wheat and maize through plant breeding. J. Cereal Sci. 46: 293–307. Panda, S.H., Parmanick, M. and Ray, R.C. 2007. Lactic acid fermentation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) into pickles. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 31: 83–101. Pfeiffer, W.H. and McClafferty, B. 2007. HarvestPlus: breeding crops for better nutrition. Crop Sci. 47: S88–S105. Pingali, P.L. (ed.) 2001. Meeting world maize needs: technological opportunities and priorities for the public sector. World <strong>Maize</strong> Facts and Trends 1999/2000. CIMMYT, Mexico, D.F. Prasanna, B.M., Vasal, S.K., Kassahun, B. and Singh, N.N. 2001. Quality protein maize. Curr. Sci. 81:.1308–1319. Raboy, V., Gerbasi, P.F., Young, K.A., Stoneberg, S.D., Pickett, S.G., Bauman, A.T., Murthy, P.P., Sheridan, W.F. and Ertl, D.S. 2000. Origin and seed phenotype of maize low phytic acid 1‐1 and low phytic acid 2‐1. Plant Physiol. 124: 355–368. Ramos, G.M., Pezet‐Valdez, A., O’Connor‐Sanchez, A., Placencia, C. and Pless, R.C. 2004. Hydration rates of various types of Mexican maize based on single‐kernel measurements. Cereal Chem. 81(3): 308–313. Ruan, R., Litchfield, J.B. and Eckhoff, S.R. 1992. Simultaneous and non‐destructive measurement of transient moisture profiles and structural changes in corn kernels during steeping using microscopic nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Cereal Chem. 69(6): 600–606. Yan, J., Bermudez‐Kandianis, C., Harjes, C. et al. 2010. Rare genetic variation at Zea mays crtRB1 increases b‐ carotene in maize grain. Nature Genet. 42: 322–327. 144
Strategic Initiative 8. Seeds of discovery: Opening the “black box” of maize genetic diversity Value proposition Foster the targeted mobilization of novel native genetic diversity in breeding programs worldwide by using advanced technologies to fully catalog the genetic heritage of international maize seed collections, and to make the resulting information and knowledge freely available—through a user‐friendly, webbased platform and a marker‐assisted introgression pipeline. This Initiative has an immense leverage and impact potential. It will enable the entire maize breeding and research community worldwide to fully utilize the native genetic diversity in the world’s maize genetic resources, also to accelerate breeding gains and counteract the combined and growing negative effects of climate change and scarcity of water, land and nutrients. Genetic diversity is an essential component of breeding progress, and so far the plant breeders have utilized only a minuscule fraction of this bio‐resource. Justification General background <strong>Maize</strong> genetic diversity has been assembled and conserved over many decades in seed collections such as those held by CIMMYT and IITA. This diversity has furnished the building blocks for breeding modern cultivars. However, only a tiny fraction of the vast genetic diversity of maize collections has been put to practical use in breeding programs worldwide. The sheer size of the seed collections, as well as technological limitations, has made comprehensive phenotypic and molecular description of the collections impossible. This situation is now rapidly changing with the new marker systems, nextgeneration sequencing and precision phenotyping technologies. Breeders are not only eager for adequate phenotypic and molecular information about seed collections, but they also need tools for mining such information and ways for accessing diversity in a more targeted manner. This Strategic Initiative will comprehensively address these constraints and thus assist breeders in the identification of useful native diversity and targeting its mobilization into maize breeding programs worldwide. Why international agricultural research? CIMMYT and IITA collectively hold 12 the world's most diverse collection of maize diversity, including nearly 25,000 landraces, teosinte/Tripsacum wild relatives, and 3,000 elite inbreds, pools, and populations. These collections also serve as intermediaries between “upstream” basic and strategic research and “downstream” applied maize breeding. The ex situ collections are directly linked to worldclass plant breeders, agronomists, molecular biologists, and socioeconomists, as well as global partnerships to apply science for development. The value‐added initiative proposed will be global in nature and the outputs freely shared to foster their widespread, beneficial use. Current status of research Molecular diversity in both natural and elite maize germplasm from several countries has been extensively analyzed with microsatellite/SSR markers (Prasanna et al. 2010). CIMMYT provided leadership in analysis of a large collection of tropical/subtropical maize accessions and genetically heterogeneous landraces, the latter by using a population bulk fingerprinting strategy (Warburton et al. 2008, 2010). 12 As guided by the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (http://www.planttreaty.org). 145
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MAIZE ‐ Global Alliance for Impro
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Abbreviations 1 AFLP CA CBO CEO CGI
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Executive summary Recurrent food pr
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All SIs include capacity building t
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essentially the same land area whil
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Competing uses for a staple grain A
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Figure 3. Annual global yield fluct
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environments and capacity building.
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productivity while reversing widesp
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Target Group 3: Poor consumers and
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poverty reduction, food insecurity,
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Methods Innovative approaches to a
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Methods Aggressive development, va
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Outcomes Novel tools will empower N
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Based on the maize systems describe
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Program‐level product delivery Pr
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Impact pathways Impact pathways are
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Outcomes for MAIZE as a whole shown
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The portfolio of Strategic Initiati
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Table 2. Summary of impacts of MAIZ
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allocate their time to more product
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fall short of making up the differe
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Priority setting to plan future rev
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Strategic Initiative SI 2. Sustaina
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Strategic Initiative SI 4. Stress t
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Strategic Initiative SI 7. Nutritio
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Partnership principles While the pa
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Based on current staff and partner
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Oversight Committee: This committee
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Review and refine priorities, targe
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Price Trade Policy REDD, PES, Reser
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CGIAR Research Program Outputs from
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Climate change strategy The impact
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Process monitoring will include par
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Given the high costs and difficulti
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the uptake of outputs and the inten
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CIMMYT has developed such partnersh
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12. Decision makers understand and
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Scaling up and out of methodologies
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Bilateral funding: Following the Co
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Table 7A. Income and expenses for S
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Expenses by Strategic Initiative: T
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References Alston, M.J., Norton, W.
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MAIZE Strategic Initiatives Strateg
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Targeting resource‐poor farmers i
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Knowledge of the structure and func
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2014: Analysis of policy options an
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Strategic Initiative 2. Sustainable
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stress‐tolerant germplasm, better
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Researchable issues Effective appr
Page 102 and 103: Key milestones 2011: Maize‐based
Page 104 and 105: Modernizing agriculture through use
Page 106 and 107: coherent exploratory diagnostic tri
Page 108 and 109: universities, the private sector (i
Page 110 and 111: What's new in this initiative? To
Page 112 and 113: Strategic Initiative 4. Stress‐to
Page 114 and 115: (mycotoxins) also contaminate grain
Page 116 and 117: CIMMYT and IITA breeding programs a
Page 118 and 119: Institutional weaknesses affecting
Page 120 and 121: Research and development partners C
Page 122 and 123: What's new in this initiative? Dro
Page 124 and 125: Gerpacio, R.V. and Pingali, P.L. 20
Page 126 and 127: gain per year. The physiological ba
Page 128 and 129: Intellectual property management of
Page 130 and 131: Other producer‐ or consumer‐rel
Page 132 and 133: considered “women’s” crops, a
Page 134 and 135: subtropical, mid‐altitude, transi
Page 136 and 137: mycotoxin monitoring capacity of re
Page 138 and 139: 4. Hubs and protocols to phenotype
Page 140 and 141: Assuming that low‐cost storage fa
Page 142 and 143: Mugo, S., Likhayo, P., Karaya, H.,
Page 144 and 145: More than two‐thirds of the globa
Page 146 and 147: Commercial QPM seed is currently av
Page 148 and 149: Outputs 1. High‐throughput and lo
Page 150 and 151: Linkages with other SIs SI 7 will m
Page 154 and 155: Compared with the genomes of other
Page 156 and 157: Breeding programs will achieve more
Page 158 and 159: Strategic Initiative 9. New tools a
Page 160 and 161: Through collaboration among CIMMYT,
Page 162 and 163: o Generating predictive power of ha
Page 164 and 165: generated from CIMMYT and IITA bree
Page 166 and 167: Strategic Initiatives 1-9. Summary
Page 168 and 169: Techniques of good quality seed pro
Page 170 and 171: Annex 1. Population, poor and maize
Page 172 and 173: Bolivia, CIF Botswana, Department A
Page 174 and 175: Swaziland, Ministry of Agriculture
Page 176 and 177: India, Meerut, Sardar Vallabah Bhai
Page 178 and 179: Uganda, NASECO Seeds 1996 Ltd Ugand
Page 180 and 181: Annex 3. Impact pathways for MAIZE:
Page 182 and 183: Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 4. Instit
Page 184: Annex 4. CIMMYT maize mega‐enviro
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