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Mugo, S., Likhayo, P., Karaya, H., Gethi, J., Njoka, S., Ajanga, S., Shuma, J. and Tefera, T. 2010. Progress in breeding maize for resistance to post‐harvest pests in Kenya. Paper to be presented at the 12th KARI Biennial Scientific Conference (November 8–12, 2010), KARI Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya. Munkvold, G.P. 2003. Cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in maize. Annual Review of Phytopathology 41: 99–116. Tefera, T., Mugo, S., Tende, R. and Likhayo, P. 2010a. Mass rearing of stem borers, maize weevil, and larger grain borer insect pests. CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya. Tefera, T., Mugo, S., Tende, R. and Likhayo, P. 2010b. Screening maize for resistance to stem borers, maize weevil, and larger grain borer insect pests. CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya. Wisser, R.J., Balint‐Kurti, P. J. and Nelson, R. J. 2006. The genetic architecture of disease resistance in maize: A synthesis of published studies. Phytopathology 96: 120–129. Williams, J.H., Phillips, T.D., Jolly, P.E., Stiles, J.K., Jolly, C.M. and Aggarwal, D. 2004. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80: 1106–1122. 134
Strategic Initiative 7. Nutritious maize Value proposition Using native maize genetic diversity and novel tools, develop and disseminate maize varieties that are biofortified for pro‐vitamin A (pro‐V A), zinc, or essential amino acids (quality protein maize—QPM), thereby reducing 10–20% of the life‐years that are lost annually to Vitamin A deficiency in five sub‐ Saharan African countries alone, and benefiting malnourished children who grow up on maize‐based diets. Estimated impact 2020 2030 Smallholder families potentially gaining from this initiative 200,000 (VA: 40,000; QPM: 160,000) 500,000 (VA: 150,000; QPM: 350,000) Increase in maize production 52,000 tons 130,000 tons Value of nutritionally enriched maize in terms of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) Increased human productivity (%) >200 million USD (2 million DALYs at $100 = $200 million; 52,000–130,000 tons of maize at $200/ton = 10.4—$26 million); This benefit is far higher than the cost of breeding, testing and disseminating nutritionally enriched maize (Bouis and Welch 2010) Between 0.5 and 1% of the national human productivity is lost due only to VA deficiency each year in five representative African countries; 10–20% of this is expected to be recovered as an impact of this project. Justification General background Maize is the staple food of hundreds of millions of people in tropical and subtropical areas of the developing world. In Mesoamerica, annual maize consumption exceeds 80 kg per capita in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, rising to 125 kg in Mexico. Maize is also the most important cereal food crop in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), where consumption levels exceed 130 kg per capita per year in Lesotho, Malawi, and Zambia (FAOSTAT 2006, 2003–2005 average). Maize is mainly a source of energy, providing over 20% of total calories in human diets in 21 countries, and over 30% in 12 countries that are home to a total of more than 310 million people. In South and Southeast Asia, where direct maize consumption on an annual average is estimated to be only 6 and 16 kg per capita, respectively, but there are several areas (especially in the highlands and tribal regions) where maize is consumed directly at much higher rates. Heavily maize‐based diets tend to be deficient in the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan and lack important micronutrients such as provitamin A, iron, and zinc. The over‐dependence of millions of the poor on maize results in poor health, stunted growth, reduced capacity for physical activity, and in extreme cases high incidence of nutritional deficiency diseases such as kwashiorkor, anemia, and corneal blindness. Micronutrient malnutrition alone affects more than two billion people, mostly among resource‐poor families in developing countries. For example, more than 300 million people in India suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, and 35% of the world’s malnourished children live in India. Maize cultivars that combine high grain yield with good amino acid composition, increased levels of pro‐vitamin A and zinc concentrations could enhance production while improving nutrition, health, and the quality of life, in areas where poverty and low incomes limit access to diversified diets, dietary supplements, or fortified foods (Meenakshi et al., 2006; Ortiz‐Monasterio et al. 2007; Pfeiffer and McClafferty 2007). 135
Page 1:
MAIZE ‐ Global Alliance for Impro
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Abbreviations 1 AFLP CA CBO CEO CGI
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Executive summary Recurrent food pr
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All SIs include capacity building t
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essentially the same land area whil
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Competing uses for a staple grain A
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Figure 3. Annual global yield fluct
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environments and capacity building.
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productivity while reversing widesp
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Target Group 3: Poor consumers and
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poverty reduction, food insecurity,
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Methods Innovative approaches to a
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Methods Aggressive development, va
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Outcomes Novel tools will empower N
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Based on the maize systems describe
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Program‐level product delivery Pr
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Impact pathways Impact pathways are
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Outcomes for MAIZE as a whole shown
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The portfolio of Strategic Initiati
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Table 2. Summary of impacts of MAIZ
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allocate their time to more product
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fall short of making up the differe
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Priority setting to plan future rev
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Strategic Initiative SI 2. Sustaina
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Strategic Initiative SI 4. Stress t
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Strategic Initiative SI 7. Nutritio
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Partnership principles While the pa
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Based on current staff and partner
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Oversight Committee: This committee
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Review and refine priorities, targe
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Price Trade Policy REDD, PES, Reser
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CGIAR Research Program Outputs from
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Climate change strategy The impact
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Process monitoring will include par
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Given the high costs and difficulti
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the uptake of outputs and the inten
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CIMMYT has developed such partnersh
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12. Decision makers understand and
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Scaling up and out of methodologies
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Bilateral funding: Following the Co
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Table 7A. Income and expenses for S
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Expenses by Strategic Initiative: T
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References Alston, M.J., Norton, W.
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MAIZE Strategic Initiatives Strateg
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Targeting resource‐poor farmers i
Page 92 and 93: Knowledge of the structure and func
Page 94 and 95: 2014: Analysis of policy options an
Page 96 and 97: Strategic Initiative 2. Sustainable
Page 98 and 99: stress‐tolerant germplasm, better
Page 100 and 101: Researchable issues Effective appr
Page 102 and 103: Key milestones 2011: Maize‐based
Page 104 and 105: Modernizing agriculture through use
Page 106 and 107: coherent exploratory diagnostic tri
Page 108 and 109: universities, the private sector (i
Page 110 and 111: What's new in this initiative? To
Page 112 and 113: Strategic Initiative 4. Stress‐to
Page 114 and 115: (mycotoxins) also contaminate grain
Page 116 and 117: CIMMYT and IITA breeding programs a
Page 118 and 119: Institutional weaknesses affecting
Page 120 and 121: Research and development partners C
Page 122 and 123: What's new in this initiative? Dro
Page 124 and 125: Gerpacio, R.V. and Pingali, P.L. 20
Page 126 and 127: gain per year. The physiological ba
Page 128 and 129: Intellectual property management of
Page 130 and 131: Other producer‐ or consumer‐rel
Page 132 and 133: considered “women’s” crops, a
Page 134 and 135: subtropical, mid‐altitude, transi
Page 136 and 137: mycotoxin monitoring capacity of re
Page 138 and 139: 4. Hubs and protocols to phenotype
Page 140 and 141: Assuming that low‐cost storage fa
Page 144 and 145: More than two‐thirds of the globa
Page 146 and 147: Commercial QPM seed is currently av
Page 148 and 149: Outputs 1. High‐throughput and lo
Page 150 and 151: Linkages with other SIs SI 7 will m
Page 152 and 153: Meenakshi JV, Johnson N, Manyong V,
Page 154 and 155: Compared with the genomes of other
Page 156 and 157: Breeding programs will achieve more
Page 158 and 159: Strategic Initiative 9. New tools a
Page 160 and 161: Through collaboration among CIMMYT,
Page 162 and 163: o Generating predictive power of ha
Page 164 and 165: generated from CIMMYT and IITA bree
Page 166 and 167: Strategic Initiatives 1-9. Summary
Page 168 and 169: Techniques of good quality seed pro
Page 170 and 171: Annex 1. Population, poor and maize
Page 172 and 173: Bolivia, CIF Botswana, Department A
Page 174 and 175: Swaziland, Ministry of Agriculture
Page 176 and 177: India, Meerut, Sardar Vallabah Bhai
Page 178 and 179: Uganda, NASECO Seeds 1996 Ltd Ugand
Page 180 and 181: Annex 3. Impact pathways for MAIZE:
Page 182 and 183: Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 4. Instit
Page 184: Annex 4. CIMMYT maize mega‐enviro
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