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Other producer‐ or consumer‐relevant traits: Seed yield, grain characteristics, and composition, lodging, and food and feed values. The biotic/abiotic stress tolerance work as listed above will be undertaken in dynamic interface with SI 4. 2012: Socioeconomic framework developed for effective gender‐disaggregated market analysis and improved targeting and feedback. 2012: Framework for managing open‐source collaborative breeding plans and IP issues finalized to maximize farmers' access to affordable, quality seed. 2012 Framework for alternative business plan models for foundation seed units elaborated for Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and seed production initiated. 2012: A comprehensive study on regional seed trade in West Africa completed, results published, and a regional policy workshop held to discuss the findings and chart the way forward. 2013: Unique doubled haploid line sets delivered to IMIC members annually from 2013 onward. 2014: Complete set of managed‐stress screening systems implemented and validated. 2014: Reliable markers for key oligogenic biotic stress tolerance alleles (MSV, CSC, GLS) and soil acidity available for use by breeders. 2015: Acid‐, waterlogging‐ and heat‐tolerant hybrids in advanced validation/PVS testing. 2016: Progress from three cycles of MARS and genomic selection evaluated. 2016: Genes with large effects on waterlogging and heat tolerance fine‐mapped. Annual milestones Joint evaluation of at least 100 new hybrids or OPVs by IMIC members and NARS partners. Release and commercialization of at least two new hybrids per region annually after 2012. Linkages with other SIs SI 5 has a strong emphasis on cash grain production in more favorable environments, but will be closely coordinated with SI 4, and will make use of abiotic/biotic stress tolerance/resistance donors and genes identified in that initiative. SI 5 will have a stronger regional focus in Asia and Latin America, but will also serve high‐potential areas in Africa, particularly the Eastern African Highlands. Germplasm products of SI 5 will feed into SI 2 and SI 3 for wide‐scale on‐farm testing and development of hybrid‐specific management recommendations. If SI 5 is to deliver on its promise of increased rates of genetic gains, it is crucial that improved breeding technologies be implemented in the CIMMYT and IITA breeding programs and shared with national and regional partners as soon as possible. Tools developed in SI 9 will be implemented as soon as proof‐ofconcept experiments show efficacy. New alleles for stress tolerance identified in SI 8 will be rapidly deployed in the SI 5 breeding programs. SI 5 will collaborate with SI 4 and SI 9 to provide capacity building in biosafety regulation and openquarantine testing of transgenic materials. The two SIs will also jointly provide information exchange opportunities for national varietal release bodies on procedures that can accelerate the release and dissemination of useful germplasm. Targeting of breeding efforts will be supported by GIS assessments of potential productivity and by value chain analyses produced in SI 1. 122
What's new in this initiative? The initiative provides a demand‐driven approach that will lead international public maize germplasm development into the future. It uses membership for research and deployment, and performance contracts to improve focus, research quality, and delivery to a clear target group of “pre‐commercial” smallholders. In collaboration with APAARI members, CIMMYT successfully developed and launched the Asian Hybrid <strong>Maize</strong> Consortium in 2010, and many aspects of this initiative have been sounded out with interested members and other partners internationally. Low‐cost seed production, including scaled up provision of breeder seed and use of innovative variety types, will be systematically addressed. Traits associated with high yield potential and efficient input use in tropical environments will be intensively studied for the first time through detailed crop physiological analysis and era hybrid studies. State‐of‐the‐art tools (doubled haploids, high‐density marker‐based genomic selection) will be applied to the improvement of yield potential and stress tolerance in higher‐rainfall environments. The initiative formalizes intellectual property (IP) boundaries on research collaboration between CIMMYT, IITA, national research systems and seed companies, for equitable research contributions; each research partner can use germplasm for further development while the jointly developed germplasm remains in the international domain. CRP‐level investment, as compared to fragmented short‐term funding of individual donors, enables such an initiative for the first time and will significantly boost research efficiency and benefit more farmers. Targets and impact estimates The targeted farming systems are selected on the basis of current importance of rainfed maize and poverty, projected demand increase, and potential to increase rainfed productivity. These regions mainly include areas with growing‐season rainfall above 700 mm and a proportion of maize area above 10%, but could include areas with less than 10% maize where soil acidity problems could be addressed through genetic approaches. Breeding targets within the farming systems identified in Figure 5 will be based around the six maize mega‐environments that enable effective use of international collaboration for targeting local needs (Figure 7). Assuming that within 10–20 years local seed companies can increase current seed adoption from an average of 36% to 40–50% using germplasm developed through this initiative, an area of 3.5–10.6 million hectares would be reached with hybrid seed, producing at least 3.5–10.6 million tons of additional grain valued at USD 575–1,900 million by 2020–30. Other issues Gender Gender‐specific variety needs will be assessed in market surveys and considered during germplasm development. Gender analysis will be a component of seed system studies to permit development of strategies that ensure women farmers have unimpeded access to improved, high‐potential germplasm. Capacity building and seed business support programs will give preferential access to women participants. Gender may influence the decision to cultivate not only different crops but also different varieties of the same crop. <strong>Maize</strong>, for instance, may be grown as a cash or subsistence crop. High‐yielding maize varieties were introduced in many areas to generate a marketable surplus, but many of these varieties had processing, cooking, and storage characteristics different from those of local varieties. The highyielding varieties were often promoted as cash crops. Consequently in many places local varieties are 123
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MAIZE ‐ Global Alliance for Impro
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Abbreviations 1 AFLP CA CBO CEO CGI
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Executive summary Recurrent food pr
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All SIs include capacity building t
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essentially the same land area whil
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Competing uses for a staple grain A
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Figure 3. Annual global yield fluct
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environments and capacity building.
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productivity while reversing widesp
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Target Group 3: Poor consumers and
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poverty reduction, food insecurity,
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Methods Innovative approaches to a
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Methods Aggressive development, va
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Outcomes Novel tools will empower N
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Based on the maize systems describe
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Program‐level product delivery Pr
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Impact pathways Impact pathways are
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Outcomes for MAIZE as a whole shown
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The portfolio of Strategic Initiati
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Table 2. Summary of impacts of MAIZ
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allocate their time to more product
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fall short of making up the differe
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Priority setting to plan future rev
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Strategic Initiative SI 2. Sustaina
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Strategic Initiative SI 4. Stress t
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Strategic Initiative SI 7. Nutritio
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Partnership principles While the pa
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Based on current staff and partner
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Oversight Committee: This committee
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Review and refine priorities, targe
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Price Trade Policy REDD, PES, Reser
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CGIAR Research Program Outputs from
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Climate change strategy The impact
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Process monitoring will include par
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Given the high costs and difficulti
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the uptake of outputs and the inten
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CIMMYT has developed such partnersh
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12. Decision makers understand and
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Scaling up and out of methodologies
Page 80 and 81: Bilateral funding: Following the Co
Page 82 and 83: Table 7A. Income and expenses for S
Page 84 and 85: Expenses by Strategic Initiative: T
Page 86 and 87: References Alston, M.J., Norton, W.
Page 88 and 89: MAIZE Strategic Initiatives Strateg
Page 90 and 91: Targeting resource‐poor farmers i
Page 92 and 93: Knowledge of the structure and func
Page 94 and 95: 2014: Analysis of policy options an
Page 96 and 97: Strategic Initiative 2. Sustainable
Page 98 and 99: stress‐tolerant germplasm, better
Page 100 and 101: Researchable issues Effective appr
Page 102 and 103: Key milestones 2011: Maize‐based
Page 104 and 105: Modernizing agriculture through use
Page 106 and 107: coherent exploratory diagnostic tri
Page 108 and 109: universities, the private sector (i
Page 110 and 111: What's new in this initiative? To
Page 112 and 113: Strategic Initiative 4. Stress‐to
Page 114 and 115: (mycotoxins) also contaminate grain
Page 116 and 117: CIMMYT and IITA breeding programs a
Page 118 and 119: Institutional weaknesses affecting
Page 120 and 121: Research and development partners C
Page 122 and 123: What's new in this initiative? Dro
Page 124 and 125: Gerpacio, R.V. and Pingali, P.L. 20
Page 126 and 127: gain per year. The physiological ba
Page 128 and 129: Intellectual property management of
Page 132 and 133: considered “women’s” crops, a
Page 134 and 135: subtropical, mid‐altitude, transi
Page 136 and 137: mycotoxin monitoring capacity of re
Page 138 and 139: 4. Hubs and protocols to phenotype
Page 140 and 141: Assuming that low‐cost storage fa
Page 142 and 143: Mugo, S., Likhayo, P., Karaya, H.,
Page 144 and 145: More than two‐thirds of the globa
Page 146 and 147: Commercial QPM seed is currently av
Page 148 and 149: Outputs 1. High‐throughput and lo
Page 150 and 151: Linkages with other SIs SI 7 will m
Page 152 and 153: Meenakshi JV, Johnson N, Manyong V,
Page 154 and 155: Compared with the genomes of other
Page 156 and 157: Breeding programs will achieve more
Page 158 and 159: Strategic Initiative 9. New tools a
Page 160 and 161: Through collaboration among CIMMYT,
Page 162 and 163: o Generating predictive power of ha
Page 164 and 165: generated from CIMMYT and IITA bree
Page 166 and 167: Strategic Initiatives 1-9. Summary
Page 168 and 169: Techniques of good quality seed pro
Page 170 and 171: Annex 1. Population, poor and maize
Page 172 and 173: Bolivia, CIF Botswana, Department A
Page 174 and 175: Swaziland, Ministry of Agriculture
Page 176 and 177: India, Meerut, Sardar Vallabah Bhai
Page 178 and 179: Uganda, NASECO Seeds 1996 Ltd Ugand
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Annex 3. Impact pathways for MAIZE:
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Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 4. Instit
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Annex 4. CIMMYT maize mega‐enviro
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