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productivity while reversing widespread soil degradation. These interventions need to be aligned with more profitable value chains, include risk management strategies, and allow farmers to accumulate assets. Value chains in stress‐prone and outlying environments are often weak and need to be developed. Research, extension, input supply and markets responsive to farmers needs—in both public and private sectors—need to be strengthened. Efforts should particularly focus on empowering women and young adults, the population segments that hold the greatest leverage for development. Target Group 2: Market‐oriented, technology constrained smallholders in more benign environments There are many smallholder farmers who benefit from adequate market access but lack the technologies or know‐how to optimize their production systems. They have a strong opportunity to increase maize productivity and stabilize maize prices for urban and rural consumers as well as providing income for themselves. Especially since grain prices are increasing, they are avid to obtain better varieties and farming practices. Private research providers show little interest in this group because market size and margins are either too small or suitable technology would be expensive to develop compared with high‐margin markets in irrigated areas or other areas favored by commercial farmers. Also, two decades of significant underinvestment in agronomy research and extension have left large human resource and knowledge gaps in public research and extension systems that translate into significant information gaps for this target group. This target group comprises an estimated 470 million two‐dollar‐a‐day poor people, of whom the vast majority (367 million) is maize‐dependent. There are also at least 49 million stunted children. These systems are located in East Asia, South Asia, sub‐Saharan Africa, and Latin America & the Caribbean. To boost production significantly among this group of farmers, NARSs, NAESs and local seed companies—which are willing to enter areas that are unattractive to multinational companies—could be empowered by MAIZE to use cutting‐edge tools to develop locally‐adapted varieties. They could also be aided in applying precision agriculture methods and modern communication technologies to identify and rapidly scale out best practices. Spill‐over benefits: Smallholder commercial farmers and large commercial farmers Farming systems not included in Target Groups 1 and 2 are dominated by larger‐scale commercial farmers or are in temperate maize zones. They are generally well served by private companies and strong national research programs from which smallholders in these areas also benefit. Even though sowing 36% of all maize areas, these farming systems are populated by less than 10% of all two‐dollar‐aday poor (70 million), maize‐dependent poor (66 million) and stunted children (at least 5 million). This group will benefit from spillovers from MAIZE through NARSs and private companies that use and adapt R&D products targeted at the other farming systems. 10
Table 1. Impact domain for two target groups, and main objectives of MAIZE Strategic Initiatives. Drought, nutrient and heat stress in maize Target 1. Stress-prone smallholders with poor market access Target farmers Target 2. Market-oriented, technologyconstrained smallholders in more benign environments Farmers benefiting from spillovers Large and smallholder commercial farmers High in most areas Drought and heat in some areas Drought and heat in some areas Market access Usually poor Good Good Farmer support organizations Often weaker NARSs with fewer staff, and weakest market participants; NGOs NARSs and local seed companies of variable strengths Large seed companies, and commercial farmer organizations Impact domain and its relevance for the poor Maize area (million ha) > 24 > 32 > 31 People (million) > 1,200 > 1,700 > 480 Poor in farming system (million) 640 470 90 Poor in maize area (million) 490 340 70 Maize-dependent poor (million) 275 367 66 Stunted children in farming system (million) Farming systems EAP = East Asia and Pacific LAC = Latin America & Caribbean SA = South Asia SSA = sub-Saharan Africa EECA = Eastern Europe, Central Asia Strategic Initiatives SI 1. Socioeconomics and policies for maize futures > 72 > 49 > 5 Rainfed mixed SA; Rice–maize SA; Maize–beans (Mesoamerica) LAC, Dryland mixed LAC; Maize mixed SSA, Cereal-root crop mixed SSA; Agropastoral millet/sorghum SSA Target interventions, design supporting policies, and strengthen value chains Lowland rice EAP; Highland extensive mixed EAP, Upland intensive mixed EAP; Highland mixed SA; Intensive highland mixed (N. Andes) LAC, Coastal plantation mixed LAC; Root crop SSA, Tree crop SSA, Forest based SSA, Highland temperate mixed SSA Main objective Target interventions, design supporting policies, and strengthen value chains Extensive dryland mixed (Gran Chaco) LAC, Cereal-livestock (Campos) LAC, Irrigated systems Coastal plantation mixed LAC; Large commercial–smallholder SSA; Temperate mixed EAP, Pastoral EAP; Large scale cereal-vegetable EECA; Temperate mixed (Pampas) LAC Access to all MAIZE international public goods (IPGs) SI 2. Sustainable intensification and income opportunities for the poor SI 3. Smallholder precision agriculture SI 4. Stress tolerant maize for the poorest Increase the sustainability, profitability and resilience of maize-based systems with the poorest Low-risk nutrient management to increase productivity and reduce soil nutrient depletion Increase and stabilize maize productivity in stress-prone environments Less relevant to this target group Optimize fertilizer use and reduce the environmental footprint Reduce large production losses from drought in higher-yielding areas Access to all MAIZE IPGs Access to all MAIZE IPGs Access to all MAIZE IPGs Si 5. Towards doubling maize productivity Si 6. Integrated postharvest management Less relevant to this target group Safe food and grain storage options that increase food security and value Provide diverse and locally adapted hybrids by leveraging the capacity of NARS and local seed companies Marketing opportunities for farmers and safe food for urban consumers Access to all MAIZE IPGs Access to all MAIZE IPGs SI 7. Nutritious maize SI 8. Seeds of discovery SI 9. New tools and methods for NARS and SMEs More nutritious food, for children in particular Marketing opportunities Access to all MAIZE IPGs Developing the basis for sustaining maize productivity increases into the future, as climate change and land, water, and fertilizer scarcities become more pronounced Accelerating breeding gains for stressprone environments Application by partners to accelerate breeding gains in a wide range of environments Application by partners to accelerate breeding gains in commercial environments 11
Page 1: MAIZE ‐ Global Alliance for Impro
Page 4 and 5: Abbreviations 1 AFLP CA CBO CEO CGI
Page 6 and 7: Executive summary Recurrent food pr
Page 8 and 9: All SIs include capacity building t
Page 10 and 11: essentially the same land area whil
Page 12 and 13: Competing uses for a staple grain A
Page 14 and 15: Figure 3. Annual global yield fluct
Page 16 and 17: environments and capacity building.
Page 20 and 21: Target Group 3: Poor consumers and
Page 22 and 23: poverty reduction, food insecurity,
Page 24 and 25: Methods Innovative approaches to a
Page 26 and 27: Methods Aggressive development, va
Page 28 and 29: Outcomes Novel tools will empower N
Page 30 and 31: Based on the maize systems describe
Page 32 and 33: Program‐level product delivery Pr
Page 34 and 35: Impact pathways Impact pathways are
Page 36 and 37: Outcomes for MAIZE as a whole shown
Page 38 and 39: The portfolio of Strategic Initiati
Page 40 and 41: Table 2. Summary of impacts of MAIZ
Page 42 and 43: allocate their time to more product
Page 44 and 45: fall short of making up the differe
Page 46 and 47: Priority setting to plan future rev
Page 48 and 49: Strategic Initiative SI 2. Sustaina
Page 50 and 51: Strategic Initiative SI 4. Stress t
Page 52 and 53: Strategic Initiative SI 7. Nutritio
Page 54 and 55: Partnership principles While the pa
Page 56 and 57: Based on current staff and partner
Page 58 and 59: Oversight Committee: This committee
Page 60 and 61: Review and refine priorities, targe
Page 62 and 63: Price Trade Policy REDD, PES, Reser
Page 64 and 65: CGIAR Research Program Outputs from
Page 66 and 67: Climate change strategy The impact
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Process monitoring will include par
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Given the high costs and difficulti
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the uptake of outputs and the inten
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CIMMYT has developed such partnersh
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12. Decision makers understand and
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Scaling up and out of methodologies
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Bilateral funding: Following the Co
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Table 7A. Income and expenses for S
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Expenses by Strategic Initiative: T
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References Alston, M.J., Norton, W.
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MAIZE Strategic Initiatives Strateg
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Targeting resource‐poor farmers i
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Knowledge of the structure and func
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2014: Analysis of policy options an
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Strategic Initiative 2. Sustainable
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stress‐tolerant germplasm, better
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Researchable issues Effective appr
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Key milestones 2011: Maize‐based
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Modernizing agriculture through use
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coherent exploratory diagnostic tri
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universities, the private sector (i
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What's new in this initiative? To
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Strategic Initiative 4. Stress‐to
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(mycotoxins) also contaminate grain
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CIMMYT and IITA breeding programs a
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Institutional weaknesses affecting
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Research and development partners C
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What's new in this initiative? Dro
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Gerpacio, R.V. and Pingali, P.L. 20
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gain per year. The physiological ba
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Intellectual property management of
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Other producer‐ or consumer‐rel
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considered “women’s” crops, a
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subtropical, mid‐altitude, transi
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mycotoxin monitoring capacity of re
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4. Hubs and protocols to phenotype
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Assuming that low‐cost storage fa
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Mugo, S., Likhayo, P., Karaya, H.,
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More than two‐thirds of the globa
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Commercial QPM seed is currently av
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Outputs 1. High‐throughput and lo
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Linkages with other SIs SI 7 will m
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Meenakshi JV, Johnson N, Manyong V,
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Compared with the genomes of other
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Breeding programs will achieve more
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Strategic Initiative 9. New tools a
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Through collaboration among CIMMYT,
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o Generating predictive power of ha
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generated from CIMMYT and IITA bree
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Strategic Initiatives 1-9. Summary
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Techniques of good quality seed pro
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Annex 1. Population, poor and maize
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Bolivia, CIF Botswana, Department A
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Swaziland, Ministry of Agriculture
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India, Meerut, Sardar Vallabah Bhai
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Uganda, NASECO Seeds 1996 Ltd Ugand
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Annex 3. Impact pathways for MAIZE:
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Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 4. Instit
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Annex 4. CIMMYT maize mega‐enviro
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