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Outputs 1. High‐throughput and low‐cost phenotypic screening methods developed and validated for use in breeding and selection for a range of nutritionally important traits. 2. High‐value source germplasm for specific nutrients/compounds. 3. Inbred lines, hybrids, and OPVs with >8 g/g pro‐VA, 50–100% higher lysine and tryptophan (vs. normal maize), and kernel zinc >30 ppm. 4. Functional markers and high‐throughput assays using the best available technologies for genes and functional polymorphisms governing critical steps in the nutritionally important biosynthetic pathways. 5. Web‐based database of genotypic and phenotypic attributes for food, feed, industrial, and end‐use quality of elite and diverse maize genetic materials. 6. Knowledge about effective conventional and molecular breeding strategies for enhancing nutritional value of maize. 7. Information on micronutrient retention and bioavailability in common maize processes. 8. Traditional and novel maize‐based food products with enhanced nutritional quality and bioavailable nutrients 9. Maize varieties, lines, hybrids, and source materials with desirable characteristics for stover production identified/developed. Research and development partners HarvestPlus and institutions in LAC (INTA, Nicaragua; CENTA, El Salvador; DICTA and UNAM, Honduras; ICTA, Guatemala; ORE, Haiti), South & SE Asia (ICAR Institutes of India; PARC of Pakistan; Indonesia; Nepal; Bangladesh); and Africa (Zambia, ZARI; FARA, ASARECA, CORAF, IAR and NAERLS (Nigeria), INERA (Burkina Faso), FAES (Senegal), KEPHIS (Kenya), IKIRU and IIAM (Mozambique), CRI (Ghana), INRAB (Benin), IER (Mali); Private seed companies including ZamSeed, SeedCo, Premier Seeds Nigeria Ltd and Alheri Seeds Ltd (SSA), Monsanto/Pioneer/Syngenta/Bioseed of India and Ceres, Aspros, Monsanto, Pioneer in Latin America, with whom CIMMYT and IITA have established collaboration and expressed interest to evaluate nutritionally enriched, agronomically superior varieties and hybrids. HarvestPlus and TA4, plus numerous universities and advanced research institutes like University of Wisconsin , Flinders University, Cornell University, Tecnológico de Monterrey, CGIAR centers (CIP, CIAT, ILRI) along with NARSs (CINVESTAV, INIFAP, and the Colegio de Posgraduados, in Mexico; IARI, New Delhi; and CAAS, China) will partner or synergize with CIMMYT and IITA research, because of their relative strengths in human nutrition, food technology, nutrient analysis, feed/forage analysis, micronutrient research, and other complementary topics. For pro‐VA‐enriched maize, HarvestPlus, CIMMYT and IITA have built partnerships with stakeholders in Zambia, including Ministry of Agriculture (including research and extension divisions), Ministry of Health, NGOs (Care International, Program Against Malnutrition, World Vision) and national research institutes (NISI R). Work on QPM has been strongly supported by NGOs in Africa (Sasakawa Global 2000, World Vision International, Catholic Relief Services, NARS and extension services), Ministries of agriculture in El Salvador and Nicaragua. We will build on these partnerships and link with CRP4 to ensure adaptation and dissemination of the nutritionally enhanced germplasm. 140
Outcomes Maize researchers in at least five developing countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, Asia and LAC will use the biofortified source germplasm in their breeding and research programs. Maize researchers in public and private sector institutions will validate the agronomic performance of elite biofortified germplasm from this project, and will consider variety release and dissemination. Breeding programs in at least five target countries use phenotyping methods and/or markerassisted selection for improving nutritional quality of maize, thereby enhancing genetic gains and breeding efficiency. Scientists and other partners will apply skills learned and knowledge gained from this project to achieve greater effectiveness in their research programs. Improved nutrition and health status of children and women of child‐bearing age from consuming nutritionally enhanced maize varieties. Improved protocols for routine screening of maize varieties for forage quality. Key milestones 2011: At least five donor lines identified for each of the important nutrients in tropical and subtropical germplasm. More than 200 inbred lines and 400 accessions characterized for grain and 100 accessions characterized for stover quality. 2012: High‐throughput and low‐cost screening methods standardized for at least two nutritionally important target traits (e.g. vitamin E, zinc, ascorbate, and folate). 2013: More than 30 experimental hybrids/OPVs selected for high pro‐VA, QPM and zinc tested in multi‐location trials. Molecular markers for at least two nutritional quality traits identified/developed. Nutrient retention during storage and processing in nutritionally enhanced maize cultivars determined. Phenotyping protocols disseminated in at least two target countries annually. At least two nutritionally enhanced varieties tested for consumer acceptability and promoted for consumption at the household level in target countries. A minimum of five traditional methods of processing improved and promoted. At least five traditional maize food products nutritionally improved and promoted for consumption. 2014: Phenotypic data on nutritional quality traits of maize genetic resources integrated into public database. Promising QPM and pro‐VA‐enriched varieties and hybrids, selected by partners from regional trials, are evaluated in advanced and farmer‐participatory trials to confirm nutrient levels and generate required data for cultivar registration and release. In partnership with the national research and extension systems, and the private sector in target countries, evaluate, validate, produce and develop a dissemination strategy for pro‐VA‐enriched maize cultivars (Link with CRP4). 2015: New genes and favorable alleles identified for enhanced carotenoids, essential amino acids, oil and fatty acids or other important nutritional compounds/elements. A catalog of important genes and favorable alleles in elite breeding source germplasm prepared and made available. 2016: At least five new biofortified cultivars (with at least 50% increase in lysine, tryptophan, provitamin A, and zinc concentrations in maize grain) developed and released in target countries by 2016. At least one seed company or community‐based seed producer group producing seed of biofortified cultivars for marketing in each of two or more target countries. More than 100 scientists/technicians from national research systems trained in micronutrient analysis (Link with SI on capacity building) during the 6 years of this initiative. 141
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MAIZE ‐ Global Alliance for Impro
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Abbreviations 1 AFLP CA CBO CEO CGI
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Executive summary Recurrent food pr
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All SIs include capacity building t
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essentially the same land area whil
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Competing uses for a staple grain A
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Figure 3. Annual global yield fluct
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environments and capacity building.
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productivity while reversing widesp
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Target Group 3: Poor consumers and
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poverty reduction, food insecurity,
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Methods Innovative approaches to a
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Methods Aggressive development, va
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Outcomes Novel tools will empower N
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Based on the maize systems describe
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Program‐level product delivery Pr
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Impact pathways Impact pathways are
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Outcomes for MAIZE as a whole shown
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The portfolio of Strategic Initiati
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Table 2. Summary of impacts of MAIZ
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allocate their time to more product
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fall short of making up the differe
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Priority setting to plan future rev
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Strategic Initiative SI 2. Sustaina
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Strategic Initiative SI 4. Stress t
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Strategic Initiative SI 7. Nutritio
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Partnership principles While the pa
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Based on current staff and partner
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Oversight Committee: This committee
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Review and refine priorities, targe
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Price Trade Policy REDD, PES, Reser
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CGIAR Research Program Outputs from
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Climate change strategy The impact
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Process monitoring will include par
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Given the high costs and difficulti
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the uptake of outputs and the inten
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CIMMYT has developed such partnersh
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12. Decision makers understand and
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Scaling up and out of methodologies
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Bilateral funding: Following the Co
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Table 7A. Income and expenses for S
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Expenses by Strategic Initiative: T
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References Alston, M.J., Norton, W.
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MAIZE Strategic Initiatives Strateg
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Targeting resource‐poor farmers i
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Knowledge of the structure and func
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2014: Analysis of policy options an
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Strategic Initiative 2. Sustainable
Page 98 and 99: stress‐tolerant germplasm, better
Page 100 and 101: Researchable issues Effective appr
Page 102 and 103: Key milestones 2011: Maize‐based
Page 104 and 105: Modernizing agriculture through use
Page 106 and 107: coherent exploratory diagnostic tri
Page 108 and 109: universities, the private sector (i
Page 110 and 111: What's new in this initiative? To
Page 112 and 113: Strategic Initiative 4. Stress‐to
Page 114 and 115: (mycotoxins) also contaminate grain
Page 116 and 117: CIMMYT and IITA breeding programs a
Page 118 and 119: Institutional weaknesses affecting
Page 120 and 121: Research and development partners C
Page 122 and 123: What's new in this initiative? Dro
Page 124 and 125: Gerpacio, R.V. and Pingali, P.L. 20
Page 126 and 127: gain per year. The physiological ba
Page 128 and 129: Intellectual property management of
Page 130 and 131: Other producer‐ or consumer‐rel
Page 132 and 133: considered “women’s” crops, a
Page 134 and 135: subtropical, mid‐altitude, transi
Page 136 and 137: mycotoxin monitoring capacity of re
Page 138 and 139: 4. Hubs and protocols to phenotype
Page 140 and 141: Assuming that low‐cost storage fa
Page 142 and 143: Mugo, S., Likhayo, P., Karaya, H.,
Page 144 and 145: More than two‐thirds of the globa
Page 146 and 147: Commercial QPM seed is currently av
Page 150 and 151: Linkages with other SIs SI 7 will m
Page 152 and 153: Meenakshi JV, Johnson N, Manyong V,
Page 154 and 155: Compared with the genomes of other
Page 156 and 157: Breeding programs will achieve more
Page 158 and 159: Strategic Initiative 9. New tools a
Page 160 and 161: Through collaboration among CIMMYT,
Page 162 and 163: o Generating predictive power of ha
Page 164 and 165: generated from CIMMYT and IITA bree
Page 166 and 167: Strategic Initiatives 1-9. Summary
Page 168 and 169: Techniques of good quality seed pro
Page 170 and 171: Annex 1. Population, poor and maize
Page 172 and 173: Bolivia, CIF Botswana, Department A
Page 174 and 175: Swaziland, Ministry of Agriculture
Page 176 and 177: India, Meerut, Sardar Vallabah Bhai
Page 178 and 179: Uganda, NASECO Seeds 1996 Ltd Ugand
Page 180 and 181: Annex 3. Impact pathways for MAIZE:
Page 182 and 183: Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 4. Instit
Page 184: Annex 4. CIMMYT maize mega‐enviro
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