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MAIZE Strategic Initiatives Strategic Initiative 1. Socioeconomics and policies for maize futures: Technology targeting, institutional innovations, and markets for sustainable productivity growth and food security in maize Value proposition Enhance the client orientation and impacts on food security, poverty, and the environment of maize research for development interventions—increasing their effectiveness, efficiency, and inclusiveness in reaching disadvantaged farmers and consumers. Estimated impact Benefits to scientists and partners Benefit to the poor Benefit to the environment Others Better targeting of interventions to reach the poor; foresight to inform breeding; better policies for impact and price stabilization; valuation of traits; better priority setting; gender mainstreaming; better policies for sustainable and inclusive growth. More relevant and accessible maize innovations available to the poor. Earlier access to maize innovations. Higher smallholder income; cheaper food for consumers. Increased diversity and more sustainable intensification of maize‐based systems along rainfed to irrigated continuum. Reduced pressure on marginal environments. Positive spillovers to non‐maize R&D within national and global programs. Justification General background Smallholder maize production in developing countries is stymied by technological, biophysical, and socioeconomic constraints. Future productivity growth to meet the growing demands for maize will require holistic approaches that address market, policy, and institutional constraints, near‐term and longer‐term food price development. Numerous socioeconomic factors impair smallholder farmer adoption of productivity‐enhancing technologies, including limited access to information, seeds, other inputs, equipment, services, or markets for selling surplus produce (Pingali 2001; Morris et al. 2003; Langyintuo et al. 2010). To be effective, an agricultural research program must address the needs of heterogeneous groups of farmers, consumers, and marketing agents along the production‐toconsumption value chain, and overcome obstacles to national agricultural policy objectives. At the international level, improved understanding of food price developments are needed in support of domestic and international policy dialogue and coordination, also market‐based risk management tools for vulnerable producers and governments to improve their capacity to manage and mitigate food price volatility. Socioeconomics research will play an important role in meeting these objectives and in anticipating social, political, and economic trends that shape local and global food systems. Stability of production and policies for price stabilization are critical for protecting the welfare of poor consumers as well as global food security. Developing country input and output markets for maize and other staples suffer, however, from high levels of imperfections—mainly induced by policy failures, poor access to useful information, and lack of complementary investments in public goods and market institutions (de Janvry et al. 1991; Jayne et al. 2006; Gregory and Bumb 2006; Langyintuo et al. 2010). Increasing production is difficult to sustain under low and inelastic demand, which often causes prices to tumble when local markets fail to absorb surplus production (Several past studies (de Janvry et al. 1991; Vitale and Sanders 80
2005; Jayne et al. 2006). Sustained technology adoption and productivity growth for maize in the developing regions will require complementary research to identify institutional innovations and policies that enhance market efficiency and distributional outcomes. Institutional supports are also needed to mitigate downside price risks (absorbing excess production in cases of low and inelastic demand) and to protect both global food security and poor consumers' welfare by preventing food price surges. This strategic initiative (SI 1) will work closely with CRP2 on ‘Policies, institutions, and markets to strengthen assets and agricultural incomes for the poor’ and other SIs in MAIZE to enhance the relevance and overall impact of maize‐specific interventions on the poor. Particularly, this involves understanding systemic constraints and determining gender‐related technology choices and preferences, identifying target domains, and fostering institutional innovations and policies that enhance the performance of input and output markets for maize, locally and globally. SI 1 will also produce forward‐looking and policy‐relevant studies on alternative futures for maize, including analysis of demand for food, feed, and other uses, supply conditions, and price trends. The strategic research under this SI will produce institutional and policy innovations adapted to specific socioeconomic environments, supporting deployment and adoption of maize technologies. Why international agricultural research? National research programs often lack the social science capacity or political influence to address these challenges alone, and many policy, market, and institutional constraints are regional or global in nature. National and regional policy research institutes, universities, the private sector, and relevant farmer organizations must join with international centers and advanced research institutes, particularly to focus on the needs of low‐ and middle‐income countries. Progressing the initiative The overall objective of this initiative is to build on past socioeconomics and policy research on maize and provide a social science context for MAIZE. Social scientists will work closely with breeders and agronomists to complement and enhance the relevance and effectiveness of the work proposed under the other initiatives, developing innovations that better target the needs of resource‐poor farmers. Geospatial analysis and ex ante impact studies will increase researchers' understanding of maize system constraints. This SI provides the institutional base for strategic socioeconomics research on maize systems while ensuring coherent collaborative research with the other maize SIs—aiming to increase adoption and ultimately impact. The SI will thus focus on MAIZE target countries/regions, but will generate research outputs such as knowledge, data, tools, institutional innovations, and policy options, actively enabling their use by other SIs through scenario analysis and participatory approaches, to ensure that MAIZE outputs (germplasm, agronomy, and training) meet the needs of farmers and key stakeholders. At the gobal level, the SI will work closely with CRP2 on ‘Policies, institutions, and markets to strengthen assets and agricultural incomes for the poor’ and evolving socio‐economic and GIS databases (such as from FAO, or from institutions engaged in remote sensing and climate assessemnt) to use existing and new data and apply various quantitative and qualitative analytical approaches to generate food price relevant information and market‐oriented interventions that stabilize food prices. Progress to date and the lessons learned Adoption of improved maize varieties has generally been high in high‐potential areas with good access to markets for supply of seed, other inputs (e.g. fertilizer) and credit for small‐scale producers. Resource‐poor farmers (including women) in the same areas and farmers in droughtprone marginal regions are affected by high risks and limited access to markets, factors that reduce incentives to adopt new technologies (Kaliba et al. 2000; Thurtle et al. 2003; Morris et al. 2003). 81
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MAIZE ‐ Global Alliance for Impro
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Abbreviations 1 AFLP CA CBO CEO CGI
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Executive summary Recurrent food pr
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All SIs include capacity building t
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essentially the same land area whil
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Competing uses for a staple grain A
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Figure 3. Annual global yield fluct
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environments and capacity building.
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productivity while reversing widesp
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Target Group 3: Poor consumers and
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poverty reduction, food insecurity,
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Methods Innovative approaches to a
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Methods Aggressive development, va
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Outcomes Novel tools will empower N
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Based on the maize systems describe
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Program‐level product delivery Pr
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Impact pathways Impact pathways are
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Outcomes for MAIZE as a whole shown
Page 38 and 39: The portfolio of Strategic Initiati
Page 40 and 41: Table 2. Summary of impacts of MAIZ
Page 42 and 43: allocate their time to more product
Page 44 and 45: fall short of making up the differe
Page 46 and 47: Priority setting to plan future rev
Page 48 and 49: Strategic Initiative SI 2. Sustaina
Page 50 and 51: Strategic Initiative SI 4. Stress t
Page 52 and 53: Strategic Initiative SI 7. Nutritio
Page 54 and 55: Partnership principles While the pa
Page 56 and 57: Based on current staff and partner
Page 58 and 59: Oversight Committee: This committee
Page 60 and 61: Review and refine priorities, targe
Page 62 and 63: Price Trade Policy REDD, PES, Reser
Page 64 and 65: CGIAR Research Program Outputs from
Page 66 and 67: Climate change strategy The impact
Page 68 and 69: Process monitoring will include par
Page 70 and 71: Given the high costs and difficulti
Page 72 and 73: the uptake of outputs and the inten
Page 74 and 75: CIMMYT has developed such partnersh
Page 76 and 77: 12. Decision makers understand and
Page 78 and 79: Scaling up and out of methodologies
Page 80 and 81: Bilateral funding: Following the Co
Page 82 and 83: Table 7A. Income and expenses for S
Page 84 and 85: Expenses by Strategic Initiative: T
Page 86 and 87: References Alston, M.J., Norton, W.
Page 90 and 91: Targeting resource‐poor farmers i
Page 92 and 93: Knowledge of the structure and func
Page 94 and 95: 2014: Analysis of policy options an
Page 96 and 97: Strategic Initiative 2. Sustainable
Page 98 and 99: stress‐tolerant germplasm, better
Page 100 and 101: Researchable issues Effective appr
Page 102 and 103: Key milestones 2011: Maize‐based
Page 104 and 105: Modernizing agriculture through use
Page 106 and 107: coherent exploratory diagnostic tri
Page 108 and 109: universities, the private sector (i
Page 110 and 111: What's new in this initiative? To
Page 112 and 113: Strategic Initiative 4. Stress‐to
Page 114 and 115: (mycotoxins) also contaminate grain
Page 116 and 117: CIMMYT and IITA breeding programs a
Page 118 and 119: Institutional weaknesses affecting
Page 120 and 121: Research and development partners C
Page 122 and 123: What's new in this initiative? Dro
Page 124 and 125: Gerpacio, R.V. and Pingali, P.L. 20
Page 126 and 127: gain per year. The physiological ba
Page 128 and 129: Intellectual property management of
Page 130 and 131: Other producer‐ or consumer‐rel
Page 132 and 133: considered “women’s” crops, a
Page 134 and 135: subtropical, mid‐altitude, transi
Page 136 and 137: mycotoxin monitoring capacity of re
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4. Hubs and protocols to phenotype
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Assuming that low‐cost storage fa
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Mugo, S., Likhayo, P., Karaya, H.,
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More than two‐thirds of the globa
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Commercial QPM seed is currently av
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Outputs 1. High‐throughput and lo
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Linkages with other SIs SI 7 will m
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Meenakshi JV, Johnson N, Manyong V,
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Compared with the genomes of other
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Breeding programs will achieve more
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Strategic Initiative 9. New tools a
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Through collaboration among CIMMYT,
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o Generating predictive power of ha
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generated from CIMMYT and IITA bree
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Strategic Initiatives 1-9. Summary
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Techniques of good quality seed pro
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Annex 1. Population, poor and maize
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Bolivia, CIF Botswana, Department A
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Swaziland, Ministry of Agriculture
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India, Meerut, Sardar Vallabah Bhai
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Uganda, NASECO Seeds 1996 Ltd Ugand
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Annex 3. Impact pathways for MAIZE:
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Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 4. Instit
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Annex 4. CIMMYT maize mega‐enviro
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