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Annex 3. Impact pathways for MAIZE: factors involved in translating outputs into outcomes and impacts 16 Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 1. New germplasm: ‐ High yielding variety ‐ Nutritious and healthy grain Outcomes as factors that determine 1 st order impact (how, by whom and assumptions) NARS partners adapt the new HY varieties to local conditions. NARSs and NGOs integrate information and make it available to farmers. Seed companies and farmer organizations produce seed. Private sector provides fertilizer and other inputs. Farmers plant new HY varieties. First order impact (Adopter level changes) . Increased yields. Area expansion. Increase in maize production by farmers. Reduction in the cost of production. Increase in marketable surplus. Increased profitability. Factors that determine 2nd order impact (how, by whom and assumptions) Increased participation of seed companies for production and wider diffusion of high yielding varieties. Improved market opportunity for farmers. Information flow and knowledge creation through extension. Scaling out/up of new HY varieties across impact target domains through public and private sector partners. Second order impact Increased food security for smallholder farmers. Improved nutritional security for women and children. Increase in supply and reduced food prices that increase real incomes of the poor and make food more affordable to net‐buyers. Increase in production that contributes to local employment and income. Increased farm household income. Reduced poverty. Outputs – first and most immediate results of maize research that will contribute to influence change by actors and final adopters. Outcome – external use adoption or influence of the maize research outputs by the next and final users that results in adopter level changes which are required to achieve the intended impact (NARS research, NARS extension, government, NGOs, farmers). Impact – Big picture changes in economic, environmental and social conditions at household, national, and regional levels attributable to maize research. 172
Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 2. New germplasm – Disease and pest resistant variety – Drought tolerant – Heat tolerant 3. Crop and resource management practices and knowledge – Minimum or zero till – Crop rotations – Crop residue retention – Soil and water management – Weed control – IPM Outcomes as factors that determine 1 st order impact (how, by whom and assumptions) NARS partners adapt the new stress‐tolerant varieties to local conditions. NARS extension and NGOs provide information to farmers. Seed companies and farmer organizations produce seed. Private sector provides key inputs. Men and women farmers plant new risk reducing varieties. NARS partners integrating better management into maize cropping systems. Extension systems unpack relevant information and demonstrate best‐bests for adoption. Extent of expression in target environment. Other value chain actors package seed, fertilizer and other inputs and make it available to farmers. Farmers adopt new CA‐based practices along with improved varieties. First order impact (Adopter level changes) Higher yields in the face of biotic and abiotic stress. Area expansion at the farm level. Increased production. Reduced vulnerability (risk) from disease and pest attack. Increased yields. Increased farm level production. Lower per ha level input use (labor, fossil fuels, fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation water, etc). Reduced production costs. Higher profitability of maize production. Diversification of production. Diversification of diets and nutrition (crop rotations/intercrops). Diversification of income sources. Reduced farm level demand (per area unit) for water. Improved soil health (SOM, reduced erosion, nutrient depletion). Change in farmer attitudes and gain in sustainability. Factors that determine 2nd order impact (how, by whom and assumptions) Increased participation of seed companies for production and wider diffusion of quality seed of improved varieties. Information flow and knowledge creation through extension. . Farmer participation in local adaptive trials and demos. Provision of finance to enable investment in new equipment and inputs. Local delivery of key inputs (fert, CA tools) by the private sector. Local manufacturing of CA tools by artisans. Scaling out/up of successful innovations by government and NGOs for wider impact. Second order impact Reduced vulnerability to pandemic disease and pest outbreaks. Increased food security in the face of disease and pest attack. Reduced inter‐seasonal maize price fluctuation (resulting from stability of production). Increased adaptation to climate change. Improved food security at farm, national and regional scale. Farm level water saving that may also translate to basin level sustainability of water use. Greater system resilience. Improved adaptation to climate change. Soil carbon sequestration and reduced emission of green house gases (mitigation of climate change). Improved air quality from reduced burning of crop residues. 173
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MAIZE ‐ Global Alliance for Impro
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Abbreviations 1 AFLP CA CBO CEO CGI
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Executive summary Recurrent food pr
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All SIs include capacity building t
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essentially the same land area whil
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Competing uses for a staple grain A
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Figure 3. Annual global yield fluct
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environments and capacity building.
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productivity while reversing widesp
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Target Group 3: Poor consumers and
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poverty reduction, food insecurity,
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Methods Innovative approaches to a
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Methods Aggressive development, va
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Outcomes Novel tools will empower N
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Based on the maize systems describe
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Program‐level product delivery Pr
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Impact pathways Impact pathways are
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Outcomes for MAIZE as a whole shown
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The portfolio of Strategic Initiati
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Table 2. Summary of impacts of MAIZ
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allocate their time to more product
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fall short of making up the differe
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Priority setting to plan future rev
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Strategic Initiative SI 2. Sustaina
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Strategic Initiative SI 4. Stress t
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Strategic Initiative SI 7. Nutritio
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Partnership principles While the pa
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Based on current staff and partner
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Oversight Committee: This committee
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Review and refine priorities, targe
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Price Trade Policy REDD, PES, Reser
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CGIAR Research Program Outputs from
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Climate change strategy The impact
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Process monitoring will include par
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Given the high costs and difficulti
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the uptake of outputs and the inten
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CIMMYT has developed such partnersh
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12. Decision makers understand and
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Scaling up and out of methodologies
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Bilateral funding: Following the Co
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Table 7A. Income and expenses for S
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Expenses by Strategic Initiative: T
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References Alston, M.J., Norton, W.
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MAIZE Strategic Initiatives Strateg
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Targeting resource‐poor farmers i
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Knowledge of the structure and func
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2014: Analysis of policy options an
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Strategic Initiative 2. Sustainable
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stress‐tolerant germplasm, better
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Researchable issues Effective appr
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Key milestones 2011: Maize‐based
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Modernizing agriculture through use
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coherent exploratory diagnostic tri
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universities, the private sector (i
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What's new in this initiative? To
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Strategic Initiative 4. Stress‐to
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(mycotoxins) also contaminate grain
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CIMMYT and IITA breeding programs a
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Institutional weaknesses affecting
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Research and development partners C
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What's new in this initiative? Dro
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Gerpacio, R.V. and Pingali, P.L. 20
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gain per year. The physiological ba
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Intellectual property management of
Page 130 and 131: Other producer‐ or consumer‐rel
Page 132 and 133: considered “women’s” crops, a
Page 134 and 135: subtropical, mid‐altitude, transi
Page 136 and 137: mycotoxin monitoring capacity of re
Page 138 and 139: 4. Hubs and protocols to phenotype
Page 140 and 141: Assuming that low‐cost storage fa
Page 142 and 143: Mugo, S., Likhayo, P., Karaya, H.,
Page 144 and 145: More than two‐thirds of the globa
Page 146 and 147: Commercial QPM seed is currently av
Page 148 and 149: Outputs 1. High‐throughput and lo
Page 150 and 151: Linkages with other SIs SI 7 will m
Page 152 and 153: Meenakshi JV, Johnson N, Manyong V,
Page 154 and 155: Compared with the genomes of other
Page 156 and 157: Breeding programs will achieve more
Page 158 and 159: Strategic Initiative 9. New tools a
Page 160 and 161: Through collaboration among CIMMYT,
Page 162 and 163: o Generating predictive power of ha
Page 164 and 165: generated from CIMMYT and IITA bree
Page 166 and 167: Strategic Initiatives 1-9. Summary
Page 168 and 169: Techniques of good quality seed pro
Page 170 and 171: Annex 1. Population, poor and maize
Page 172 and 173: Bolivia, CIF Botswana, Department A
Page 174 and 175: Swaziland, Ministry of Agriculture
Page 176 and 177: India, Meerut, Sardar Vallabah Bhai
Page 178 and 179: Uganda, NASECO Seeds 1996 Ltd Ugand
Page 182 and 183: Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 4. Instit
Page 184: Annex 4. CIMMYT maize mega‐enviro
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