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Breeding programs will achieve more effective design of “cisgenics”, informed by new insights into gene functions, derived from comprehensive marker‐trait association studies. Key milestones 2011: Business plan and terms of engagement developed for research partners. 2011: Global <strong>Maize</strong> Phenotyping Network formed; priority traits, methods, research partners, and accessions to be characterized agreed upon. Decisions taken about which databases, seed bank management systems and web portals to build upon, and on the kind of IT expertise required to implement the SI. Legal and publicity arrangements for creating a pre‐competitive “Commons” domain for data delivery validated by legal and public‐relations experts. Genomic selection (GS) initiated in at least five pre‐breeding populations to sample under‐utilized maize races. 2012: Raw, simple version of the database behind the future web portal available and ready to accept molecular and trait data streams (milestone shared with WHEAT SI 8 on Opening the “blackbox” of wheat genetic diversity). CIMMYT‐ and IITA‐held maize collections meet best‐practice standards, as recognized by QMS or other certifications. 13 2013: Ultra‐high‐density SNP genome‐profiles (10 5 –10 6 loci) for most accessions (five individuals per population) generated via GBS and uploaded to database. At least 40 (candidate) genes of known functions sequenced across trait‐dependent core sets, with sequenced genes matching targeted traits. Marker‐assisted introgression pipeline established and working for a number of priority cases. First, simple version of the MAIZE Diversity Portal available to provide CRP members with on‐line access to data streams (output shared with WHEAT SI 8). Compatible seed bank management systems deployed (milestone shared with WHEAT SI 8). 2014: Evaluation completed of approximately 40 key agronomic, nutritional/grain quality and abiotic/biotic stress‐related traits across trait‐dependent core sets. A second set of varieties, selected on the basis of molecular data, added to the sets. Twenty years of trait data from field trials of participating seed banks and breeding programs uploaded. Set of priority traits reevaluated and adjusted. 2015: Genomes of a set of thoroughly phenotyped accessions fully or partially re‐sequenced (e.g., via exon‐capture or skim‐sequencing). Fully refined version of the MAIZE Diversity Portal completed and on‐line. Critical diversity gaps filled in CIMMYT‐ and IITA‐held ex situ maize collections. 2016: Field trials for second‐series core sets/traits completed. Novel favorable alleles and haplotypes identified by SI members and uploaded to the MAIZE Diversity Portal. Network of data miners adding value to the MAIZE Diversity Portal established. MAIZE Diversity Portal cross‐links with other on‐line resources such as GeneSys, <strong>Maize</strong>GDB, GenBank and the Patent Lens. Elite prebreeding populations sampling underutilized maize races derived from at least four cycles of GS made available to breeders. What's new in this initiative? This SI is the first attempt to comprehensively characterize the inherent heritage of one of mankind’s three major cereal crops. The goal is to produce a world‐first, breeder/researcher‐friendly “catalog” for the CIMMYT‐ and IITA‐held maize seed “libraries”. The SI, however, will go well beyond a simple stocktaking of diversity, to promote flow of useful diversity into research and breeding programs, not only via well‐characterized accession seeds but also by capturing into elite backgrounds both large‐effect QTL alleles via marker‐assisted introgression and small‐effect alleles via rapid‐cycle genomic selection. 13 Excellence Through Stewardship certification (http://www.excellencethroughstewardship.org). 148
Targets and impact estimates Global public and private maize‐breeding programs of any size and at any location, provided researchers adhere to the “commons” philosophy; maize researchers at CIMMYT and IITA, universities, national research programs, and advanced research institutes worldwide; maize seed banks at national research programs and advanced research institutes; policy‐makers and regulatory authorities promoting/regulating the conservation and use of maize biodiversity. This SI targets a highly leveraged intervention point upstream in the maize‐value chain; the impacts could be significant after an initial lead time, during which novel allele combinations are re‐packaged in improved cultivars. Assuming that within 15–25 years the genetic component of the annual yield‐growth rate (0.86% year ‐1 ) can be increased by 5–20% to 0.90%–1.03% per year by mobilizing novel diversity into breeding programs, an additional 0.37–2.7 million metric tons of grain, valued at 55–410 million in today’s US dollars, would be produced. Furthermore, if within 15–25 years, worldwide NPK fertilizer applications for maize 14 could be reduced by 0.5–5% as a result of introgressing into elite germplasm alleles that enhance nutrient efficiencies, 130,000–1,300,000 tons of nutrients, currently valued at USD 113–1,130 million, could be saved annually. References Franco, J., Crossa, J., Warburton, M.L. and Taba, S. 2010. Sampling strategies for conserving maize diversity when forming core subsets using genetic markers. Crop Sci. 46: 854–864. Lu, Y., Yan, J., Guimares, C.T. et al. 2009. Molecular characterization of global maize breeding germplasm based on genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms. Theor. Appl. Genet. 120: 93–115. Prasanna, B.M., Pixley, K.V., Warburton, M., Xie, C. 2010. Molecular marker‐assisted breeding for maize improvement in Asia. Mol. Breed (Published Online DOI 10.1007/s11032‐009‐9387‐3). Vroh, Bi I., McMullen, M.D., Villeda, H.S. et al. 2006. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion‐deletions for genetic markers and anchoring the maize fingerprint contig physical map. Crop Sci. 46: 12–21. Warburton, M.L., Reif, J.C., Frisch, M. et al. 2008. Genetic diversity in CIMMYT non temperate maize germplasm: landraces, open pollinated varieties, and inbred lines. Crop Sci. 48: 617–624. Warburton, M., Setimela, P., Franco, J. et al. 2010. Toward a cost‐effective fingerprinting methodology to distinguish maize open pollinated varieties. Crop Sci. 50: 467–477. Yan, J., Shah, T, Warburton, M.L., Buckler, E.S., McMullen, M.D. and Crouch, J. 2009. Genetic characterization and linkage disequilibrium estimation of a global maize collection using SNP markers. PLos One 4(12: e8451). Zhao, W., Canaran, P., Jurkuta, R. et al. 2006. Panzea: a database and resource for molecular and functional diversity in the maize genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 34: D725–D757. 14 17.4/6.4/1.7 million metric tons of N/P 2 O 5 /K 2 O are projected to have been applied to maize field worldwide in 2009/10, respectively (IFA: http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/Home‐Page/STATISTICS; FAO: ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/docs/cwfto11.pdf). 149
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MAIZE ‐ Global Alliance for Impro
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Abbreviations 1 AFLP CA CBO CEO CGI
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Executive summary Recurrent food pr
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All SIs include capacity building t
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essentially the same land area whil
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Competing uses for a staple grain A
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Figure 3. Annual global yield fluct
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environments and capacity building.
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productivity while reversing widesp
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Target Group 3: Poor consumers and
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poverty reduction, food insecurity,
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Methods Innovative approaches to a
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Methods Aggressive development, va
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Outcomes Novel tools will empower N
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Based on the maize systems describe
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Program‐level product delivery Pr
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Impact pathways Impact pathways are
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Outcomes for MAIZE as a whole shown
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The portfolio of Strategic Initiati
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Table 2. Summary of impacts of MAIZ
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allocate their time to more product
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fall short of making up the differe
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Priority setting to plan future rev
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Strategic Initiative SI 2. Sustaina
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Strategic Initiative SI 4. Stress t
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Strategic Initiative SI 7. Nutritio
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Partnership principles While the pa
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Based on current staff and partner
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Oversight Committee: This committee
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Review and refine priorities, targe
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Price Trade Policy REDD, PES, Reser
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CGIAR Research Program Outputs from
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Climate change strategy The impact
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Process monitoring will include par
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Given the high costs and difficulti
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the uptake of outputs and the inten
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CIMMYT has developed such partnersh
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12. Decision makers understand and
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Scaling up and out of methodologies
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Bilateral funding: Following the Co
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Table 7A. Income and expenses for S
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Expenses by Strategic Initiative: T
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References Alston, M.J., Norton, W.
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MAIZE Strategic Initiatives Strateg
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Targeting resource‐poor farmers i
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Knowledge of the structure and func
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2014: Analysis of policy options an
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Strategic Initiative 2. Sustainable
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stress‐tolerant germplasm, better
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Researchable issues Effective appr
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Key milestones 2011: Maize‐based
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Modernizing agriculture through use
Page 106 and 107: coherent exploratory diagnostic tri
Page 108 and 109: universities, the private sector (i
Page 110 and 111: What's new in this initiative? To
Page 112 and 113: Strategic Initiative 4. Stress‐to
Page 114 and 115: (mycotoxins) also contaminate grain
Page 116 and 117: CIMMYT and IITA breeding programs a
Page 118 and 119: Institutional weaknesses affecting
Page 120 and 121: Research and development partners C
Page 122 and 123: What's new in this initiative? Dro
Page 124 and 125: Gerpacio, R.V. and Pingali, P.L. 20
Page 126 and 127: gain per year. The physiological ba
Page 128 and 129: Intellectual property management of
Page 130 and 131: Other producer‐ or consumer‐rel
Page 132 and 133: considered “women’s” crops, a
Page 134 and 135: subtropical, mid‐altitude, transi
Page 136 and 137: mycotoxin monitoring capacity of re
Page 138 and 139: 4. Hubs and protocols to phenotype
Page 140 and 141: Assuming that low‐cost storage fa
Page 142 and 143: Mugo, S., Likhayo, P., Karaya, H.,
Page 144 and 145: More than two‐thirds of the globa
Page 146 and 147: Commercial QPM seed is currently av
Page 148 and 149: Outputs 1. High‐throughput and lo
Page 150 and 151: Linkages with other SIs SI 7 will m
Page 152 and 153: Meenakshi JV, Johnson N, Manyong V,
Page 154 and 155: Compared with the genomes of other
Page 158 and 159: Strategic Initiative 9. New tools a
Page 160 and 161: Through collaboration among CIMMYT,
Page 162 and 163: o Generating predictive power of ha
Page 164 and 165: generated from CIMMYT and IITA bree
Page 166 and 167: Strategic Initiatives 1-9. Summary
Page 168 and 169: Techniques of good quality seed pro
Page 170 and 171: Annex 1. Population, poor and maize
Page 172 and 173: Bolivia, CIF Botswana, Department A
Page 174 and 175: Swaziland, Ministry of Agriculture
Page 176 and 177: India, Meerut, Sardar Vallabah Bhai
Page 178 and 179: Uganda, NASECO Seeds 1996 Ltd Ugand
Page 180 and 181: Annex 3. Impact pathways for MAIZE:
Page 182 and 183: Main outputs of MAIZE SIs 4. Instit
Page 184: Annex 4. CIMMYT maize mega‐enviro
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