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xxvi Third IMO GHG Study 2014
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Table 24 – Comparison of fuel sales data between IEA and EIA in international shipping
(million tonnes). ...................................................... 62
Table 25 – Summary of the findings on the QA of the bottom-up method
estimated fuel consumption using noon report data ........................... 74
Table 26 – Observed, unobserved and active ship counts (2007–2012) ..................... 79
Table 27 – Statistics of the number of in-service ships observed on AIS
and of the average amount of time during the year for which a ship is observed ...... 81
Table 28 – International, domestic and fishing CO 2 emissions 2007–2011 (million tonnes),
using top-down method ................................................ 84
Table 29 – International, domestic and fishing CO 2 emissions 2007–2012 (million tonnes),
using bottom-up method ............................................... 84
Table 30 – Summary of average domestic tonnes of fuel consumption per year (2007–2012),
MMSI counts and correlations between domestic fuel use statistics. ............... 85
Table 31 – Upper range of top-down fuel consumption by vessel type (million tonnes). ......... 86
Table 32 – Results of quantitative uncertainty analysis on top-down statistics (million tonnes). .... 86
Table 33 – Summary of major differences between the Second IMO GHG Study 2009
and Third IMO GHG Study 2014 ......................................... 93
Table 34 – Emissions factors for top-down emissions from combustion of fuels ............... 96
Table 35 – Year-specific emissions factors for sulphur-dependent emissions (SO x and PM) ....... 96
Table 36 – Amounts of refrigerants carried by various types of ships (from DG ENV report) ...... 98
Table 37 – Annual loss of refrigerants from the global fleet during 2012.
Annual release of 40% total refrigerant carried is assumed
except for passenger-class vessels, where 20% refrigerant loss is assumed.
Ro-ro, pax, ro-pax and cruise vessels are calculated as passenger ships. ............ 100
Table 38 – Global warming potential of refrigerants commonly used in ships.
The GWP100 is described relative to CO 2 warming potential
(IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007). ....................... 101
Table 39 – Annual emissions of refrigerants from the global fleet
and estimated shares of different refrigerants. ................................ 102
Table 40 – Vessel operating modes used in this study .................................. 103
Table 41 – NO x baseline emissions factors. .......................................... 105
Table 42 – SO x baseline emissions factors ........................................... 106
Table 43 – Annual fuel oil sulphur worldwide averages ................................. 106
Table 44 – PM baseline emissions factors ........................................... 106
Table 45 – CO baseline emissions factors ........................................... 107
Table 46 – CH 4 baseline emissions factors ........................................... 107
Table 47 – N 2 O baseline emissions factors. .......................................... 108
Table 48 – NMVOC baseline emissions factors ....................................... 108
Table 49 – Specific fuel oil consumption of marine diesel engines (ll values in g/kWh) .......... 109
Table 50 – Specific fuel oil consumption (SFOC baseline ) of gas turbines, boiler
and auxiliary engines used in this study as the basis to estimate dependency
of SFOC as a function of load. Unit is grams of fuel used per power unit (g/kWh)
(IVL, 2004).......................................................... 110
Table 51 – Annual fuel oil sulphur worldwide averages ................................. 111
Table 52 – Top-down fuel consumption inventory (million tonnes) ......................... 113
Table 53 – Top-down CH 4 emissions estimates (tonnes) ................................. 113
Table 54 – Top-down N 2 O emissions estimates (tonnes). ................................ 114
Table 55 – Top-down SO x emissions estimates (thousand tonnes as SO 2 ) .................... 114